MicroRNA-145 exerts tumor-suppressive and chemo-resistance lowering effects by targeting CD44 in gastric cancer

Abstract

AIM

To determine the potential roles of CD4 and microRNA (miR)-145 in gastric cancer.

METHODS

The levels of CD44 and miR-145 were determined in gastric cancer cells. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to measure to the level of CD44 mRNA. A luciferase reporter assay and western blotting were performed to examine the effect of miR-145 on CD44 expression. Tumor sphere and MTT assays were carried out to evaluate the self-renewal and chemo-resistance properties of gastric cancer cells.

RESULTS

The expression of CD44 was greatly increased and miR-145 was decreased in gastric cancer cells that were highly enriched in cancer stem cells (CSCs). The results demonstrated that miR-145 regulated CD44 by targeting directly the CD44 3’-untranslated region (3’-UTR). In gastric cancer cells, overexpression of miR-145 repressed the activity of the CD44 3’-UTR, and disruption of miR-145/CD44 3’-UTR interactions abrogated the silencing effects. In addition, miR-145 inhibition stimulated CD44 3’-UTR activity and disruption of miR-145/CD44 3’-UTR interactions abrogated this stimulatory effect. Enforced CD44 expression greatly increased tumor sphere formation and chemo-resistance in gastric cancer cells. Furthermore, the inhibition of CSCs and the chemo-sensitivity of gastric cancer cells treated with miR-145 were significantly abrogated by overexpression of CD44.

CONCLUSION

miR-145 targeting of CD44 plays critical roles in the regulation of tumor growth and chemo-resistance in gastric cancer.

Key Words: miR-145, CD44, Gastric cancer stem cells, Chemo-resistance

Core tip: The levels of CD44 and miR-145 are related strongly to stemness properties in gastric cancer. The aim of this investigation was to determine the underlying molecular mechanism involved in this relationship. The findings demonstrated that miR-145 regulates CD44 expression by directly targeting its 3’-untranslated region, which might play a critical role in the regulation of tumor growth and chemo-resistance in gastric cancer.

INTRODUCTION

Despite advances in medical technology to improve gastric cancer outcome, gastric cancer remains the fourth most common cancer worldwide[1]. The 5-year survival rate in gastric cancer patients is still less than 35%, and it remains the third leading cause of cancer-related death[1,2]. Seventy percent of gastric cancer-related deaths occur in developing countries, with approximately 40% occurring in China[3]. In China, this low survival rate is mainly the result of the disappointing early detection rate, tumor recurrence, and high chemotherapy resistance[4]. Accumulating evidence indicates that a subset of cancer cells with high self-renewal and stemness properties, known as cancer stem cells (CSCs), are the key contributors to chemo-resistance, and are responsible for tumor progression and recurrence after conventional therapy[5].

CD44, an integral cell membrane glycoprotein, was identified initially as a lymphocyte homing receptor on circulating lymphocytes, and exhibits homing, adhesion, and migration functions[6,7]. CD44 participates in a wide variety of cellular functions, including lymphocyte activation, recirculation and homing, hematopoiesis, and tumor metastasis[8]. The protein is not only involved in cell-cell adhesion, cell-matrix interactions, and tumor survival, but also has been accepted as a CSC marker for gastric cancer in many studies[9]. CD44 expression is upregulated in advanced gastric lesions[10]. Depletion of CD44 inhibited the stem cell-like properties, which was accompanied by the downregulation of Oct4[10]. Conversely, CD44+ gastric cancer cells showed the stem cell properties of self-renewal and the ability to form differentiated progeny[11,12]. CD44 is highly polymorphic, possesses a number of alternative splice variants, and undergoes extensive post-translational modifications[13].

MicroRNAs (miRNA) are noncoding small RNAs that function as a crucial post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism for various cellular functions. Emerging data indicate that miRNAs play pivotal roles in regulating most biological processes in both normal development and in various diseases, including cancer[14]. They act as cancer signatures, oncogenes, or tumor suppressors by targeting their downstream targets. MiRNAs are also involved in many aspects of gastric cancer progression[15]. Multiple miRNAs have been implicated in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer. For example, Petrocca et al[16] demonstrated that the miR-106b-25 cluster is involved in E2F1 post-transcription in the development of TGFβ resistance gastric cancer positively. In addition, Li et al[17] reported that miR-25 regulates gastric cancer cell migration, invasion, and proliferation positively by targeting transducer of epidermal growth factor receptor 2, 1 (EGFR2, 1) directly. Furthermore, miR-20a and miR-17 were shown to be upregulated in gastric cancer tissues[18]. miR-21-5p was also identified a useful predictor of recurrence in early gastric cancer[19].

miR-145, a tumor-suppressive miRNA, is associated with tumor growth and metastasis in several types of cancer. Recently, Chen et al[20] showed that miR-145 regulates cell migration and invasion in gastric cancer primarily by targeting fascin actin-bundling protein 1 (FSCN1) directly. Furthermore, miR-145 regulates embryonic stem cell differentiation and tunes the expressions of multiple stemness genes simultaneously, including KLF4, Oct4, and Sox2[21]. However, the potential mechanism of miR-145 in gastric CSC properties and chemo-resistance is unclear. In the current study, we found that miR-145 is decreased, while the expression of CD44 is markedly increased, in gastric cancer cells with stemness properties. As a target, CD44 is regulated directly by miR-145. Overexpression of miR-145 in gastric cancer greatly inhibited gastric cancer cell stemness properties and chemo-resistance. We also found that the tumor suppressive and chemo-resistance lowering effects of miR-145 in gastric cancer cells were significantly reversed by overexpression of CD44. These findings demonstrated, for the first time, that miR-145 inhibits the stem-like properties of gastric cancer mainly by targeting CD44 directly.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Plasmid construction

The human CD44 3’-untranslated region (UTR) was amplified from MGC-803 cDNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification using the following primer pairs: 5’-TACGAGCTCCACCTACACCATTATCTTGGAAAGA-3’ (Forward); 5’-TCAACGCGTCCAATAAGTGCTTTCAACTCAGCA-3’ (Reverse). The CD44 3’UTR was cloned downstream of the luciferase coding sequence in the pMIR-REPORT (Ambion) vector at the Sac I/Mlu I restriction sites to construct the human CD44-3’UTR-luciferase reporter. Mutations were introduced into the miRNA-binding sites using a QuikChange Mutagenesis Kit (TransGen, Beijing, China). The mutation primers were as follows: 5’-ACTTGAAAGAAAGTCGACATTAGGCCACTAT-3’ (Forward); 5’-GACTTTCTTTCAAGTTGAAAAGAAAATAAAAAG-3’ (Reverse) (mutation sites underlined). For the CD44 expression plasmids, sequences were amplified by PCR using the following primers: 5’-TACACGCGTATGGACAAGTTTTGGTGGCA-3’ (Forward); 5’-TCAGCTAGCCACCCCAATCTTCATGTCCAC-3’ (Reverse). The amplified fragment was cloned into the Mlu I /Nhe I sites in the pLV-CS 2.0.

Cell cultures

The human gastric cancer cell line, MGC-803, was purchased from the Institute of Cell Biology (Shanghai, China, http://www.cellbank.org.cn). Cells were maintained in Roswell Park Memorial Institute-1640 (RPMI-1640) medium. All cell culture media were supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, and 1% penicillin-streptomycin (all from Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, United States).

Tumor sphere culture

Tumor sphere cultures were grown in ultralow attachment six-well plates (Corning, Lowell, MA, United States) using a cell suspension (500 cells/mL) in serum-free DMEM/F12 media (Invitrogen), supplemented with 20 ng/mL epidermal growth factor (EGF, Sigma-Aldrich), 4 μg/mL insulin (Sigma-Aldrich), B27 supplement (1 ×, Invitrogen), and 1% penicillin-streptomycin in a humidified incubator at 37 °C in 5% CO₂.

Luciferase reporter assay

Cells were transfected with pWT-CD44-3’UTR-luc or pMT-CD44-3’UTR-luc (WT, wild type; MT, mutant type), β-galactosidase, and miR-145 mimics, or an miR-145 inhibitor (RiboBio, Guangzhou, China) using Lipofectamine 2000 transfection reagent (Invitrogen). Luciferase activity was measured 36 h after transfection, and the transfection efficiency was normalized to internal βgalactosidase activity.

RNA extraction, reverse transcription-PCR and quantitative real-time PCR

Total RNA was extracted using the TRIZOL Reagent (Invitrogen) and reverse transcribed with R-PCR Quick Master Mix (Toyoba) to produce cDNA. QPCR was performed using SYBR Green-based detection in a LightCycler^®480 (Roche) according to the manufacturer’s instructions using the following primer pairs: CD44 (NM_000610.3) (Forward: 5’-CTCATGGATCTGAATCAGATGGA-3’, Reverse: 5’-ACTGCAATGCAAACTGCAAGA-3’); GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate dehydrogenase, NM_001289745.1) (Forward: 5’-TCTCCTCTGACTTCAACAGCGA-3’, Reverse: 5’-GTCCACCACCCTGTTGCTGT-3’). GAPDH levels were used as normalization controls.

Chemo-resistance assay

The MTT assay (Cell titer 96^® Aqueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay, Promega) was used to assess the rates of resistance to drugs. Briefly, MGC-803 cells were transfected with or without miR-145 or/and CD44, and after 12 h of transfection the gastric cancer cells (2 × 10³/well) were seeded in 96-well plates. The cells were then treated with the indicated concentration of chemotherapeutic drugs [5-FU (5-Fluorouracil, Sigma-Aldrich) and cisplatin (Sigma-Aldrich)]. The MTT assay was performed 72 h later using the iMarkmicroplate Absorbance Reader (Bio-RAD, Richmond, CA, United States), according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Cell extraction and western blotting

Western blots were performed according to previously described protocols[22]. The Immobilon Western Chemiluminescent HRP Substrate Kit (Millipore) was used to evaluate the results. The primary antibodies were CD44 (Abcam, Cambridge, 1:3000), and β-actin (Sigma-Aldrich, 1:5000).

Statistical analysis

Results are expressed as the mean ± SEM. Statistical significance was determined by Student’s t-test or a one-way or two-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s test, as appropriate, using Graphpad Prism statistical software (Graphpad Software). P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

miR-145 and CD44 expression in gastric cancer cells with self-renewal properties

The tumor sphere assay has been used widely to identity stem cells in vitro. Tumor spheres of MGC-803 cells were cultured as described in the Materials and Methods section. Tumor spheres with a tight appearance were observed in serum-free medium (Figure 1). To investigate the function of miR-145 and CD44 in gastric cancer, we first determined the expressions of miR-145 and CD44 in monolayer MGC-803 cells and MGC-803 spheres using qPCR. The results showed that miR-145 expression was significantly inhibited in MGC-803 spheres compared with monolayer MGC-803 cells (by 87.9%, Figure 1B, P < 0.001). In addition, the spheres expressed much higher levels of CD44 mRNA and protein than the monolayer cells. When calculated as fold changes relative to the monolayer MGC-803 cells, CD44 mRNA and protein expression levels increased by approximately 8-fold and 7-fold, respectively (Figure 1C and D, P < 0.001). Moreover, the results showed that the expression of other CSC markers, such as Sox2, Nanog, and Oct4, increased significantly in sphere cells (Figure 1E, P < 0.05, P < 0.01).

Figure 1 miR-145 and CD44 expression in gastric cancer cells with self-renewal properties. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01, ^eP < 0.001 vs the monolayer cells; data are the mean ± SEM of at least three independent experiments. A: Representative image of a tumor sphere of MGC-803 cells. MGC-803 cells were cultured in stem cell medium as described in the Materials and Methods section; B: miR-145 expression in tumor spheres and monolayer cells. miR-145 expression was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR); C: CD44 mRNA expression in tumor spheres and monolayer cells. CD44 mRNA expression was determined by qPCR; D: CD44 protein expression in tumor spheres and monolayer cells. Cells were harvested for western blotting analysis; E: The expression of several gastric cancer stem cell markers in tumor spheres and monolayer cells. Sox2, Oct4, and Nanog mRNA expression was determined by real-time PCR.

miR-145 directly targets the CD44 3’UTR in gastric cancer cells

The above results indicated an inverse relationship between the expression of miR-145 and CD44. The prediction of miRNA-recognition element (MRE) sites for miR-145 on the CD44-3’ UTR was performed using the TargetScan (http://www.targetscan.org) algorithms (Figure 2A). To determine whether miR-145 regulated CD44 through an interaction with the CD44-3’ UTR, we first co-transfected chemically synthesized miR-145 mimics or a miR-145 inhibitor with luciferase reporter pWT-CD44-3’ UTR in MGC-803 cells. Transfection of the miR-145 mimics reduced the CD44-3’ UTR activity significantly (Figure 2B, P < 0.001). Conversely, inhibition of miR-145 resulted in a significant increase in CD44-3’ UTR activity (Figure 2B, P < 0.05). To verify the specificity of the interactions, we mutated the MRE site for miR-145 on the CD44-3’ UTR. Using the mutant, we demonstrated that mutation of the MRE for miR-145 abrogated the regulatory effects of the miR-145 mimics or miR-145 inhibitor (Figure 2C). To further evaluate the regulation of miR-145 on CD44 expression, we transfected miR-145 mimics in MGC-803 cells. Consistent with the results from the luciferase reporter assay, CD44 expression was downregulated by 71.74% in MGC-803 cells transfected with miR-145 mimics (Figure 2D, P < 0.01). In contrast, miR-145 inhibition resulted in significant increases in CD44 expression (Figure 2D, P < 0.05). Take together, these results showed that miR-145 regulated CD44 expression by targeting the CD44 3’ UTR (Figure 2).

Figure 2 miR-145 targets the CD44 3’UTR directly in gastric cancer cells. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01, ^eP < 0.001 vs the control; data are the mean ± SEM of at least three independent experiments. A: A putative miRNA-recognition element (MRE) for miR-145 on the 3’UTR of CD44; B: miR-145 regulated CD44 3’UTR activity negatively; C: MRE site-mutation abolished the effects of miR-145 on CD44 3’UTR activity. MGC-803 cells were co-transfected with pMT-CD44-3’ UTR-luc or pWT-CD44-3’UTR-luc with or without miR-145 mimics or an miR-145 inhibitor, respectively, and the transfected cells were harvested 36 h later for luciferase reporter assays as described; D: miR-145 mimics inhibited CD44 protein expression; E: The miR-145 inhibitor increased CD44 protein expression. MGC-803 cells were transfected with or without miR-145 mimics or a miR-145 inhibitor, respectively, and the transfected cells were harvested 48 h later for western blotting analysis. RLU: Relative luciferase activity.

Overexpression of CD44 abolishes the inhibitory effect of miR-145 on the self-renewal properties of gastric cancer cells

miR-145 is known to exert suppressive effects on many cancer types, including gastric cancer[23]. The tumor sphere assay was used to investigate whether repression of CD44 is necessary for miR-145 to inhibit gastric cancer cells. The plasmid pLV-CD44 was constructed and the overexpression of CD44 was confirmed (Figure 3A). The tumor sphere assay has been used widely to identify the self-renewal properties of stem cells in vitro. As expected, miR-145 mimics significantly decreased tumor sphere formation in MGC-803 cells with an efficiency of 74.74% (Figure 3B, P < 0.001). Conversely, overexpression of CD44 resulted in a significant increase in tumor sphere formation (Figure 3B, P < 0.001). Furthermore, simultaneous re-expression of CD44 compromised miR-145-suppressed tumor sphere formation in MGC-803 cells (Figure 3B, P < 0.001), to a higher level than that in the control (Figure 3B, P < 0.01). Collectively, the above results demonstrated that repression of CD44 is necessary for miR-145 to inhibit the self-renewal properties of gastric cancer cells (Figure 3).

Figure 3 Overexpression of CD44 abolished the inhibitory effect of miR-145 on tumor sphere formation in gastric cancer cells. ^eP < 0.001 vs cells transfected with the control; ^bP < 0.01 vs cells transfected with miR-145 mimics; data are the mean ± SEM of at least three independent experiments. A: Transfection with plasmid pLV-CD44 increased CD44 protein expression significantly; B: CD44 overexpression abolished the inhibitory effect of miR-145 on tumor sphere formation. MGC-803 cells were co-transfected with pLV-CD44 with or without miR-145 mimics, respectively, and the transfected cells were collected 12 h later for tumor sphere formation assays as described.

Overexpression of CD44 abolishes the chemo-resistance lowering effect of miR-145 on gastric cancer cells

A large proportion of patients with gastric cancer fail chemotherapeutic approaches because of intrinsic or acquired drug resistance, particularly multidrug resistance. Chemo-resistance is another important characteristic of CSCs. We next investigated whether miR-145 or miR-145-regulated CD44 were involved in the chemo-resistance of gastric cancer cells. For this purpose, MGC-803 cells were transfected with or without miR-145 mimics and/or pLV-CD44 for 24 h and then various concentrations of two chemotherapeutic drugs, 5-FU and cisplatin, were used to treat the cells. As shown in Figure 4A and B, miR-145 enhanced the cells’ chemo-sensitivity to these drugs. Conversely, overexpression of CD44 resulted in a significant increase in chemo-resistance (Figure 4A and B, P < 0.05). Furthermore, simultaneous re-expression of CD44 compromised the chemo-sensitivity mediated by miR-145 in MGC-803 cells (Figure 4A and B, P < 0.001), and the cells were more sensitive than the controls (Figure 4A and B, P < 0.05). Collectively, the above results demonstrated that repression of CD44 is necessary for the chemo-resistance lowering effect of miR-145 in gastric cancer cells.

Figure 4 Overexpression of CD44 abolishes the chemo-resistance lowering effect of miR-145 in gastric cancer cells. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01 vs cells transfected with the control; ^eP < 0.001 vs cells transfected with miR-145 mimics; data are the mean ± SEM of at least three independent experiments. A: CD44 overexpression reduced MGC-803 cell chemo-resistance to cisplatin; B: CD44 overexpression reduced MGC-803 cell chemo-resistance to 5-FU. MGC-803 cells were co-transfected with pLV-CD44 with or without miR-145 mimics, respectively, the transfected cells were collected 12 h later, and then various concentrations of cisplatin or 5-FU were used to treat the cells. Cell viability was determined as described; C: ABCG2 expression following transfection of miR-145 or pLV-CD44. MGC-803 cells were co-transfected with pLV-CD44 with or without miR-145 mimics, respectively, the transfected cells were collected 36 h later, and ABCG2 mRNA expression was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.

Drug resistance is closely related to increased drug efflux mediated by an energy-dependent mechanism involving the ABC (ATP binding cassette) transporters, mainly ABCB1 (ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 1), ABCC1 (ATP binding cassette subfamily C member 1), and ABCG2 (ATP binding cassette subfamily G member)[24]. Moreover, it has been reported that ABCG2 plays an important role in regulating chemo-resistance in gastric cancer[22]. To evaluate the role of ABCG2 in miR-145 regulated gastric cancer cell chemo-resistance, the expression of ABCG2 was determined in MGC-803 cells. As shown in Figure 3C, ABCG2 expression was repressed in MGC-803 cells following treatment with miR-145 mimics (P < 0.05). Interestingly, overexpression of CD44 resulted in a significant upregulation of ABCG2 expression (Figure 4C, P < 0.01). Furthermore, simultaneous re-expression of CD44 compromised the down-regulation mediated by miR-145 in MGC-803 cells (Figure 4C, P < 0.001). Collectively, the above results demonstrated that the involvement of ABCG2 is associated with the chemo-resistance lowering effect of miR-145 in gastric cancer cells.

DISCUSSION

Although many factors might contribute to the relapse and chemo-resistance of gastric cancer, it is reasonable to speculate that gastric CSCs play a critical role in these processes. Our results further suggested that the tumor suppressor miR-145, oncogene CD44, and their relationship are involved critically in regulating gastric cancer development.

SOX2, OCT4, and Nanog comprise the core transcriptional network responsible for the regulation of stem cell self-renewal and pluripotency[25,26]. Several groups demonstrated that Sox2, OCT-4, and Nanog are enriched in gastric CSCs. Gastric CSCs identified using the CD44 surface marker in MKN-45 gastric carcinoma cells had elevated levels of Nanog, Sox2, and Oct4[27]. In our experimental system, the tumor spheres expressed much higher levels of Sox2, OCT-4, and Nanog (Figure 1E). This demonstrated that the spheres enrich the cancer gastric CSCs population. At the same time, miR-145 expression was repressed in the spheres (Figure 1B). We speculated that miR-145 plays an inhibitory role in the stemness properties of gastric cancer cells.

There is a large body of evidence showing that deregulation of miRNAs is associated with various human cancers, including gastric cancer. However, the underlying mechanisms by which miRNAs modulate carcinogenesis remain obscure. Previous studies reported that miR-145 is downregulated in various human malignancies, including breast cancer, lung cancer, and gastric cancer[28-30]. Lu et al[31] found that miR-145 functions as a tumor suppressor and targets two oncogenes, ANGPT2 and NEDD9, in renal cell carcinoma. Other studies have shown that miR-145 suppresses cell migration and invasion by inhibiting N-cadherin and FSCN1 in gastric cancer cells[20,23]. The current data showed that miR-145 also regulates the expression of CD44 by targeting the CD44 3’UTR. The latter was confirmed by the following observations; (1) there is an inverse correlation between miR-145 and CD44 expression in gastric tumor spheres; (2) miR-145 regulates CD44 protein expression in MGC-803; and (3) the CD44 3’UTR is regulated by miR-145.

CD44 is a useful marker for identifying and isolating gastric CSCs from a panel of human gastric cancer cell lines, and CD44-positive gastric cancer cells exhibited the stem cell properties of self-renewal and chemo-resistance[10-12]. The expression of CD44 was correlated positively with a more aggressive tumor phenotype and poorer overall prognosis[32]. It is suggested that CD44 is not only a cell surface marker, but also might be a driving factor in the development of CSCs[10]. Recently, one report highlighted the value of changing the perspective of CD44 expression from that of a simple marker to a signaling molecule[33]. In the present study, CD44 overexpression increased the self-renewal activity and enhanced the chemo-resistance of gastric cancer cells. CD44 regulated the expression of Oct4 and phospho-ERK positively, both of which are vital for regulating the pluripotency of CSCs[9]. ERK activity plays an important role in regulating ABCG2 expression[22]. Our results demonstrated that overexpression of CD44 stimulates ABCG2 mRNA expression (Figure 4C). We speculated that the upregulation of ABCG2 by CD44 is mediated by ERK. It was reported that ABCG2 not only plays a major role in multidrug resistance but also could be characterized as a CSCs marker[34]. The more precise mechanisms by which CD44 stimulates ABCG2 expression warrant further investigation. In addition to the well-known effects of ABCG2 on cytotoxic and targeted agents, ABCG2 is also increasingly linked with failure of photodynamic therapy and is a CSCs marker[34,35]. Interestingly, ABCG2 is reported to regulate self-renewal and stem cell marker expression, but not tumorigenicity or radiation resistance, in glioma cells; however, the role of ABCG2 in resistance to radiation therapy remains to be further investigated[36]. Furthermore, overexpression of CD44 abolished the inhibitory and chemo-sensitive effects of miR-145 in gastric cancer cells. Collectively, these findings demonstrated that miR-145 suppresses cell self-renewal properties and improves chemo-sensitivity in gastric cancer primarily by targeting CD44 directly. Thus, miR-145’s targeting of CD44 could make it a potential target for preventing recurrence and chemo-resistance in patients with gastric cancer; however, this needs to be further verified using more gastric cell lines and in vivo assays.

COMMENTS

Background

Current research on gastric cancer uses tumor sphere culture, luciferase reporter assays, and chemo-resistance assays to discover the potential mechanism of gastric cancer pathogenesis. Cancer stem cells (CSCs), or cancer cells with stem cell-like properties, have been reported in many human tumors, including gastric cancer, and are considered to be responsible for tumor initiation, progression, chemo-resistance, metastasis, and relapse. CD44, either individually or in combination with other molecules, is used to identify or isolate CSCs from solid and hematological tumors. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as critical factors in the regulation of CSCs. From a therapeutic point of view, the elucidation of miRNA networks could help to develop drugs that reverse, delay, or prevent gastric carcinogenesis.

Research frontiers

miR-145 regulates embryonic stem cell differentiation and simultaneously targets stemness genes. miR-145 is associated with tumor growth and metastasis in gastric cancer. CD44 expression is upregulated in advanced gastric lesions. Depletion of CD44 inhibited stem cell-like properties, which was accompanied by downregulation of stemness gene expression. However, the underlying mechanism is unclear.

Innovations and breakthroughs

Numerous reports on miRNAs have provided a new avenue to understand the regulatory mechanism in CSCs. Understanding how CSCs are regulated is important for the development of novel mechanism-based therapeutics that specifically target CSCs. The present investigation found that miR-145, which targets CD44, plays a critical role in the inhibition of gastric cancer cells with stem cell properties.

Applications

CD44 and gastric cancer have a close relationship. If miR-145 can inhibit CD44 expression and thus abrogate the stem cell-like properties, this should improve chemo-resistance and limit the recurrence of gastric cancer.

Peer-review

This is an interesting study describing a novel mechanism by which miR-145 modulates gastric cancer cell growth and chemo-resistance through direct inhibition of CD44 expression. The aim is clearly stated, the findings are well described, and the data are convincing.