Prognostic value of pre-treatment F-18-FDG PET-CT in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing radioembolization

Abstract

AIM

To evaluate the value of pre-treatment 18F-FDG PET/CT in patients with HCC following liver radioembolization.

METHODS

We identified 34 patients with HCC who underwent an FDG PET/CT scan prior to hepatic radioembolization at our institution between 2009 and 2013. Patients were seen in clinic one month after radioembolization and then at 2-3 mo intervals. We assessed the influence of FDG tumor uptake on outcomes including local liver control (LLC), distant liver control (DLC), time to distant metastases (DM), progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS).

RESULTS

The majority of patients were males (n = 25, 74%), and had Child Pugh Class A (n = 31, 91%), with a median age of 68 years (46-84 years). FDG-avid disease was found in 19 (56%) patients with SUVmax ranging from 3 to 20. Female patients were more likely to have an FDG-avid HCC (P = 0.02). Median follow up of patients following radioembolization was 12 months (1.2-62.8 mo). FDG-avid disease was associated with a decreased 1 year LLC, DLC, DM and PFS (P < 0.05). Using multivariate analysis, FDG avidity predicted for LLC, DLC, and PFS (all P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

In this retrospective study, pre-treatment HCC FDG-avidity was found to be associated with worse LLC, DLC, and PFS following radioembolization. Larger studies are needed to validate our initial findings to assess the role of F-18-FDG PET/CT scans as biomarker for patients with HCC following radioembolization.

Key Words: F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Radioembolization; Prognosis; Biomarker

Core tip: Positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography is not currently incorporated in the workup for hepatocellular carcinoma. We reviewed PET scans and analyzed outcomes for patient with hepatocellular carcinoma who had been treated with radioembolization and we showed that patients with FDG avid disease had worse control of the disease inside the liver.

INTRODUCTION

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ranks fifth in cancer incidence and third in cancer related deaths worldwide[1]. The majority of patients diagnosed with HCC are not candidates for surgical resection or liver transplant and require different liver directed therapies for disease management[2,3]. One of these recognized treatments for HCC is hepatic radioembolization with Yttrium-90 (Y-90) microspheres, which demonstrated good results in controlling liver disease with a relatively safe toxicity profile[4].

Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) has proven to provide prognostic information in multiple solid tumors[5-8] but is not routinely used in the work up for HCC due to a low sensitivity (50%-70%)[9-11]. Multiple studies have shown a correlation between standardized uptake value (SUV) of HCC on FDG-PET scans and outcomes following different systemic and locoregional treatments[12-22]. In this study, we assessed the prognostic value of pre-treatment FDG-PET/CT scans in HCC patients undergoing liver radioembolization with Y-90 microspheres.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Institutional review board (IRB) approval was obtained to retrospectively review charts for patients with HCC treated with Y-90 glass microsphere radioembolization at our institution between August 2009 and October 2013. At our institution, upon diagnosis of HCC, patients are evaluated by a multidisciplinary hepatology team with referral to radiation oncology and interventional radiology if the decision was made to administer Y-90 glass microspheres for disease management. From a well-maintained database for all patients treated with radioembolization for HCC we were able to retrospectively identify patients who had PET/CT for various reasons prior to diagnosis and treatment.

All PET/CT images were reviewed at our institution by one of three nuclear radiologists with at least 10-year experience. FDG avidity was defined as maximal standardized uptake value (SUVmax) ≥ 3 of the liver lesion and/or higher than background activity in the surrounding normal liver tissue.

As part of this study, various reasons to obtain PET/CT were reviewed and collected. All other scans were also reviewed by our radiologist to characterize disease. Barcelona-Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging and classification system[23] incorporating Okuda[24] staging system was used to classify patients. Factors in staging system were also recorded separately to be included in the analysis including: performance status, Child-Pugh class, liver function, portal invasion, presence of extrahepatic disease, and tumor burden in the liver.

Patient evaluation and treatment

Pre-treatment evaluation included: clinical assessment, laboratory work up with a comprehensive metabolic panel to evaluate hepatic and renal function, alpha fetoprotein (AFP) level, and multiphasic CT scan or MRI scan of the liver. HCC diagnosis was made clinically and radiographically with confirmatory biopsy for further confirmation when felt necessary.

Prior to radioembolization, an angiographic evaluation of hepatic vasculature was performed followed by hepatic injection of Tc99m macroaggregated albumin (MAA) to determine the lung shunt fraction. The volume of liver to be treated was measured based on cross-sectional imaging. This was then used to calculate the radiation activity based on the formula for Y90 glass microspheres {A(Gbq) = [D(Gy) ×M(kg)]/50}, A is the activity, D the nominal target dose, and M the liver mass for the planned target volume (PTV) (i.e., segment, lobe, or whole liver) being treated)[25,26]. All treatments were performed in an outpatient setting. Four patients were treated with two radioembolization treatments to separate lobes.

All patients were seen one month after treatment in the interventional radiology and radiation oncology clinic with clinical examination, complete blood count, complete metabolic panel, AFP level and multiphasic cross-sectional imaging (CT scan or MRI liver protocol) to assess response to treatment and progression. Subsequent follow-ups were done at 2-3 mo intervals. Time-to-event outcomes were calculated from the time of radioembolization. The time to disease progression in the treated liver lobe/segment was defined as local liver control (LLC), and the time to progression in the liver outside the treated lesion was defined as distant liver control (DLC). Progression free survival (PFS) was calculated from the time of radioembolization to the time of intrahepatic, extrahepatic progression, death, or last follow-up. The rate of distant metastases (DM) was calculated after excluding patients with extrahepatic disease at time of radioembolization from analysis for DM. Overall survival (OS) was calculated from the time of radioembolization to the time of death.

The primary endpoint for this study was LLC. Secondary endpoints included DLC, DM, PFS, and OS. Outcomes were calculated from the date of radioembolization with patients censored at last follow-up or death.

Statistical analysis

Patient, tumor and treatment characteristics were compared between FDG-avid and non-FDG-avid HCC lesions via Pearson χ² or Fisher’s Exact Test for categorical variables and Mann-U Whitney for continuous variables on univariate analysis (UVA) when appropriate.

Factors predictive of time-to-event outcome were estimated on UVA with Kaplan-Meier (comparison via log-rank test) and Cox proportional hazard analysis for categorical and continuous variables, respectively. Significant variables or close but not significant variables might interact and affect outcomes. Therefore, variables with marginally significant effect (P < 0.1) on univariate analysis, were accounted for in our Cox-regression multivariate analysis (MVA). LLC was based on distinct tumor volumes treated, whereas DLC, PFS, DM, and OS were based on the patients treated. Patients with extrahepatic disease on presentation were excluded from DM analysis. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Product and Service Solutions version 22.0 (SPSS^®, Chicago, IL). All statistical analysis was reviewed by a biomedical statistician.

RESULTS

Patient and lesion characteristics

Thirty-four patients with HCC undergoing radioembolization procedures with pre-treatment FDG-PET/CT scans were identified. The reasons for obtaining PET/CT scan were as follows: initial work up of liver mass in 23 patients (67%), history of a prior non-HCC cancer in 6 patients (18%), to rule out metastatic disease in 3 patients (9%), or due to atypical non-diagnostic findings on prior imaging in 2 (6%) patients. Eighteen patients (53%) had a PET/CT scan performed at an outside institution but were reviewed by our nuclear radiologists.

In those 34 patients, radioembolization was delivered to a total of 38 liver lobes and segments. Median age of patients was 68 years (range 46-84 years), with the majority being male (74%, n = 25), and fourteen (41%) patients had no known previous cirrhotic liver on presentation. There were 20 patients (59%) with cirrhosis that was secondary to hepatitis C, hepatitis B, alcohol, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in 10 patients (50%), 2 patients (10%), 4 patients (20%) and 4 patients (20%), respectively. Extra-hepatic disease was present in 3 (9%) patients and the majority of patients (n = 32, 94%) were not candidates for liver resection or transplant. Two patients (6%) were referred for downstaging using radioembolization prior to surgical resection. Table 1 details patient, tumor, and treatment characteristics.

Table 1 Patient, tumor, and treatment characteristics patients treated (n = 34).

		n (%)
FDG avidity	Yes	19 (56)
	No	15 (44)
ECOG-PS1	0	17 (50)
	1	14 (41)
	≥ 2	3 (9)
Gender	Female	9 (27)
	Male	25 (74)
Grade	G1	18 (53)
	G2	6 (18)
	G3	1 (3)
	Unknown	9 (27)
Presence of cirrhosis		20 (59)
Causes of cirrhosis (n = 20)	Viral hepatitis	12 (60)
	Hepatitis B	2 (10)
	Hepatitis C	10 (50)
	Alcohol	4 (20)
	NASH2	4 (20)
Prior treatment		15 (44)
Child pugh class	A	31 (91)
	B	3 (9)
BCLC stage3	A	4 (12)
	B	10 (29)
	C	19 (56)
	D	1 (3)
Tumor burden4	≤ 50%	29 (85)
	> 50%	5 (15)
Portal vein thrombosis		5 (15)
Extrahepatic disease		3 (9)
		Median (Range)
Age		68 (46-84)
PET SUVmax		4 (2-20)
Initial AFP		14 (1-186000)
Volume treated (mL)		1146 (191-2340)
Dose delivered (Gy)		126.6 (110.5-478.6)
Follow up (mo)		12 (1-63)

¹Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status;

²Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis;

³Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Staging classification;

⁴Proportional volumes of disease to whole liver based on volumetric imaging. AFP: Alpha feto protein.

Percutaneous image-guided liver lesion biopsy was performed to confirm diagnosis in 31 patients. Histopathology grade was determined in 25 patients, 18 (53%) of which had a well-differentiated HCC, 6 moderately differentiated (18%) and one (3%) poorly differentiated HCC. Nine patients who did not undergo a biopsy or who had lesions of unknown grade were grouped together (n= 9; 26%). There were 31 patients (91%) with Child-Pugh Class (CP) A and 3 patients (9%) with CP B. Portal vein thrombosis was present in 5 patients (15%). Median AFP prior to treatment was 14 ng/mL (1-186000). Y-90 glass microspheres were injected intra-arterially to treat a median volume of 1146 cc (191-2340) of the liver with a median delivered dose of 126.6 Gy (110.5-478.6).

Nineteen patients (56%) were considered as having an FDG-avid HCC. Figure 1 shows two patients with different FDG avidity. Female gender was the only factor found to be associated with HCC FDG-avid disease (P = 0.047), Table 2.

Figure 1 Two patients with different fluorodeoxyglucose avidity. A: 49-year-old male patient with multicentric hepatocellular carcinoma and a dominant lesion in the dome of the liver as evident on axial and sagittal views from an arterial phase computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen, and was not fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-avid on the corresponding positron emission tomography (PET)/CT scan. The patient had a history of rectal cancer and the PET/CT scan was to evaluate newly diagnosed liver lesions; B: 58-year-old male patient with history of diverticulosis, CT scan showed extensive involvement of the left lobe and the corresponding PET/CT scan showed FDG-avid disease with SUVmax of 20.

Table 2 Predictive factors associated with FDG avidity.

		Non-avid patients	PET-avid patients	UVA
		n (%)	n (%)	P value
ECOG-PS1	0	9 (60)	8 (40)	0.58
	1	5 (33)	9 (47)
	≥ 2	1 (7)	2 (11)
Gender	Female	1 (7)	8 (42)	0.0474
	Male	14 (93)	11 (58)
Pathology-differentiation	Well	10 (67)	8 (42)	0.311
	Moderate	1 (7)	5 (26)
	Poor	0 (0)	1 (5)
	Unknown	4 (27)	5 (26)
BCLC stage2	A	3 (20)	1 (5)	0.123
	B	6 (40)	4 (21)
	C+	6 (40)	14 (74)
Tumor burden	≤ 50%	14 (93)	15 (79)	0.3554
	> 50%	1 (7)	4 (21)
Portal vein thrombosis	No	14 (93)	15 (79)	0.24
	Yes	5 (33)	10 (53)
Extrahepatic disease	No	14 (93)	17 (90)	1.004
	Yes	1 (7)	2 (11)
Prior treatment	No	9 (60)	10 (53)	0.67
	Yes	6 (40)	9 (47)
Child-Pugh-class	A	14 (93)	17 (90)	1.004
	B	1 (7)	2 (11)
Viral hepatitis	No	8 (53)	14 (74)	0.22
	Yes	7 (47)	5 (26)
Cirrhosis	No	14 (93)	16 (84)	0.41
	Yes	10 (67)	10 (53)
		Median (Range)	Median (Range)
Age		59 (46-84)	71 (57-84)	0.10
PET SUV3		2(2-2)	6(3-20)	-
Initial AFP		12 (1-478)	16 (2-186000)	0.23
Volume treated (mL)		1260 (400-2044)	1091 (191-2340)	0.39
Dose delivered (Gy)		125.9 (111.1-478.6)	128.5 (110.5-467.5)	0.66

¹Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status;

²Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Staging classification;

³Standardized uptake value;

⁴Fisher’s exact test used. AFP: Alpha feto protein.

LLC, DLC, and OS outcomes

The median follow up for all patients was 12 mo (range 1-63 mo). The median LLC for all liver volumes treated (n = 38) was 11.3 mo. FDG-avid disease was associated with shorter LLC. In comparison to non FDG-avid disease, the 1-year rate of LLC was 17.2% vs 61.4% (P = 0.003) with a median LLC of 5 mo vs 17 mo, respectively (Figure 2A). On UVA, FDG-avid disease, tumor burden > 50% and extrahepatic disease were associated with worse LLC and there was a trend for worse LLC for female gender and poorly differentiated HCC. However, on MVA, only FDG-avidity [P = 0.002, HR = 6.3 (2-20)] and presence of extrahepatic disease [P < 0.001, HR = 38.9 (6.6-229.2)] were associated with worse LLC Table 3.

Figure 2 Kaplan Meier curves for (A) local and (B) distant liver control.

Table 3 Univariate and multivariate analysis.

Variables1	LLC (n = 38)			DLC (n = 34)			DM (n = 31)			PFS (n = 34)			OS (n = 34)
	UVA (P)	MVA (P)	HR (95%CI)	UVA (P)	MVA (P)	HR (95%CI)	UVA (P)	MVA (P)	HR (95%CI)	UVA (P)	MVA (P)	HR (95%CI)	UVA (P)	MVA (P)	HR (95%CI)
FDG Avidity (avid vs non-avid)	0.003	0.002	6.3 (2.0-20.4)	0.003	0.015	57.7 (2.2-1496.9)	< 0.001	NS		0.015	0.008	4.04 (1.4-11.3)	0.893	-
ECOG (0 vs 1 vs≥ 2)	0.120	-		0.038	NS		0.990	-		0.049	NS		0.002	NS
Gender (female vs male)	0.100	NS		0.398	-		0.596	-		0.100	NS		0.122	-
Pathology (grade 1 vs 2 vs 3 vs unknown)	0.059	NS		0.034	NS		0.048	NS		0.016	NS		0.688	-
Extrahepatic disease	< 0.001	< 0.001	38.9 (6.6-229.2)	< 0.001	NS		-	-		< 0.001	< 0.001	47 (7.7-286)	< 0.001	NS
Tumor Burden ( ≤ 50% vs > 50%)	< 0.001	NS		0.009	NS		0.990	-		0.012	NS		0.004	NS
Cirrhosis	0.477	-		0.588	-		0.732	-		0.593	-		0.065	NS
Age (yr)	0.405	-		0.405	-		0.238	-		0.232	-		0.100	NS

¹Variables tested but not significant for outcome on univariate analysis (UVA) includes: Portal vein thrombosis, prior treatment, Child-Pugh class (A vs B), viral hepatitis, initial AFP, volume treated and dose delivered. ECOG: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status; LLC: Local liver control; DLC: Distant liver control; DM: Distant metastases; PFS: Progression free survival; OS: Overall survival.

The median disease control in the untreated liver or DLC was 26.3 mo. FDG-avid disease was associated with a faster progression inside the liver with 1 year DLC rate of 44.4%, as compared to 91.7% for non FDG-avid disease (P = 0.003) (Figure 2B). On both UVA and MVA, FDG-avidity was a predictor for DLC [P = 0.03, HR = 57.7 (2.2-1496.9)], Table 3. Significant variables on UVA include: performance status, poorly differentiated pathology, extrahepatic disease and tumor burden > 50%, but all were not statistically significant on MVA, Table 3.

Initially, there were 3 patients with extrahepatic disease at the time of treatment. On UVA, the presence of this correlated with worse outcome in LLC, DLC, and OS (P < 0.05), but it was not included in statistical analysis for DM. Upon follow up, there were 4 patients who progressed in extrahepatic sites after radioembolization. After excluding patients with extrahepatic disease at the time of treatment from the analysis, the median for freedom from DM was not reached and freedom from DM at 1 and 2-year were 96% and 54%, respectively. On UVA, FDG-avid disease (Figure 3A) and poorly differentiated tumors were associated with worse DM, but none were significant on MVA (Table 3).

Figure 3 Kaplan Meier curves for (A) freedom from distant metastases and (B) progression free survival.

FDG-avid disease was associated with shorter PFS. The 1 year PFS was higher for non FDG-avid disease (43.3%) when compared to FDG-avid disease (9.4%) on univariate analysis (log-rank test, P = 0.015) (Figure 3B). On multivariate analysis, FDG-avid disease was a predictor for worse PFS [P = 0.008, HR = 4 (1.4-11.3)] (Table 3).

For all patients, the 1-year OS rate was 77%. There was no statistically significant difference in survival at one year between FDG-avid and non FDG-avid disease (77% vs 76.2%, P = 0.89). On UVA, other factors resulting in shorter OS were low performance status, presence of extrahepatic disease and tumor burden > 50% (all P < 0.05), with trending values for older age, presence of cirrhosis, and higher BCLC stage. The MVA analysis included component of staging system that were significant on UVA (Table 3).

DISCUSSION

In this retrospective analysis of 34 HCC patients undergoing 38 liver radioembolizations, we found that pre-treatment tumor FDG-avidity correlated with worse LLC, DLC, and PFS outcomes. However, these differences in LLC and DLC with FDG-avid disease did not translate into a difference in OS in our study.

FDG retention in malignant cells is dependent on intracellular glucose-6-phosphatase enzymatic activity[27]. HCCs contain varying levels of this enzyme[28,29], and therefore the reported sensitivity of FDG PET/CT scans in detecting hepatocellular carcinoma ranges between 50% and 70%[9-11]. The low sensitivity and variation in FDG uptake are the main reasons for not routinely including FDG PET/CT imaging in the initial HCC work up. Despite their high accuracy in diagnosing HCC, CT and MRI cannot distinguish well differentiated from poorly differentiated HCC[30]. Since a large number of HCCs do not get biopsied, FDG PET may play a non-invasive role in predicting tumor biology and behavior, as the variability of FDG uptake has been linked to HCC’s microvascular invasion and differentiation[31-33], and proliferative activity[34]. It was not possible to draw any conclusions regarding the relationship between FDG tumor uptake and histopathologic grade in our study since the patient population was skewed with only one patient having a poorly differentiated HCC.

Our analysis found female patients to be more likely to have FDG-avid disease. In a study by Salem et al[4], female patients with HCC treated with radioembolization were found to have shorter survival. The reason for this finding is still unknown, but might be related to the promotion of HCC in post menopausal patients due to the loss of estrogen’s protective effect[35,36]. However, unlike FDG avidity, gender was not associated with worse outcomes in our MVA. Given the small number of patients and retrospective nature of our study, drawing firm conclusions regarding the impact of gender on clinical outcomes following HCC radioembolization is limited.

The role of FDG-PET in the assessment of different treatment modalities for HCC has been described in several reports[16-22]. Pant et al[17] assessed pre-treatment FDG-avidity as a prognostic index in the management of HCC in 100 patients. In their study, FDG-avidity was defined as activity above the liver background, which is similar to what we used in our study. FDG-avid disease was associated with a higher radiological stage, increased risk of distant metastases, invasion into the portal vein, and higher tumor grade[17]. A study by Kornberg et al[20] consisting of 91 HCC patients undergoing transplantation showed tumor-to-background ratio of > 1 on pre-transplant scans was associated with worse recurrence free survival of 81% vs 21% (P = 0.02). Lee et al[21] showed in 59 patients, that ratio of tumor SUV_max to liver SUV_max with cut-off value of 1.15 was the most significant predictor for tumor recurrence at 1 year with rates of 97% vs 57% (P < 0.001). Another study from Korea by Kim et al[22] showed that FDG uptake-volume products was also an effective predictor for post-transplant recurrence.

Lee et al[19] assessed the value of FDG-PET scans in 29 patients treated with sorafenib. The max SUV was a statistically significant prognostic factor for OS and PFS. The study from Lee and colleagues used a SUV_max cut off value of 5. The group of patients with SUV_max lower than 5 had a significantly longer PFS and OS [19].

The role of FDG-PET scans for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma has also been assessed in patients following trans-arterial chemotherapy embolization (TACE)[16,18]. Cho et al[16] found after a mean follow-up of 8 months (range, 1-59 mo), among the 47 patients who underwent TACE, a higher ratio of tumor SUV_max to mean mediastinal SUV of ≥ 3.1 was associated with higher rates of recurrence and lower survival (94% vs 64%, P = 0.016). Kim et al[18] showed that SUV_max to mean liver SUV ratio of 1.83 was a predictor for disease progression and worse OS. In these 2 studies, different SUV ratios and cutoff values were used. The majority of PET scans evaluated in our study were performed in an outside facility, and due to the lack of standardized PET scan protocols, we opted to use a simpler way to classify FDG-avidity by comparing tumor uptake to liver background. Another study by Lee et al[37] evaluated the tumor-to-liver uptake ratio in a total of 214 patients treated with either external radiation or TACE and they found that a ratio more than 2 correlated on MVA with worse PFS and OS.

Our study is limited by its retrospective nature with a relatively small number of patients, short follow-up, and heterogeneous background of liver disease. It is difficult to find HCC patients that underwent an FDG-PET scan since this imaging modality is not routinely ordered due to previous reports of poor sensitivity[9-11]. More than half of FDG-PET/CT scans were performed at an outside facility and thus there was no standardized PET scan protocol used across studies. Therefore, we were not able to directly compare tumor SUV from different institutions. However, absolute SUV can vary significantly even within the same institution[38] and there are multiple reports on the equivalence of using qualitative SUV in relation to background in comparison to absolute SUV[39]. The selection of SUVmax of 3 might introduce bias in patient categorization, but based on previously mentioned reports, the selected value will ensure selecting patients with true active disease above normal liver background, which ranges between 1.5-2[40]. This provides a minimum of tumor to Liver SUV ratio of 1.5, which correlated with outcomes in several publications[41]. Regarding a potential selection bias, there were only 2 patients in our study with atypical features for HCC on diagnostic imaging, and the majority of PET scans were performed to exclude non-HCC etiologies prior to proper diagnostic imaging. Furthermore, since most of the HCC lesions were well differentiated or were not histopathologically graded after percutaneous biopsy, this lack of histopathology information and uneven distribution, limited our ability to correlate pathological grade with clinical endpoints. As expected, the majority of patients treated with this focal therapy were BCLC stage B and C, with smaller number in stage A and only one patient with stage D (Table 1). The stage incorporation and analysis was weakly associated with outcome, so the multivariate analysis included significant components of this staging system that had stronger associations with outcome on UVA (i.e., ECOG Performance status, extrahepatic disease, and tumor burden) (Table 3). Despite these limitations, our results were in line with other studies that found a similar prognostic benefit to pre-treatment FDG-PET/CT scans in patients getting treated for HCC[16-22].

In conclusion, previous studies have found a prognostic benefit to pre-treatment FDG-PET/CT scans following TACE, surgery, and sorafenib treatment of HCC. Similarly, in our study, we found high FDG-avidity to correlate with worse clinical outcomes of LLC, DLC, and PFS following radioembolization of HCC. As opposed to the initial reports on FDG-PET that showed limited utility in the diagnosis of HCC, our study supports the growing body of evidence for the prognostic utility of pre-treatment FDG-PET/CT scan in the management of HCC. Pre-treatment FDG-PET scan may compliment staging multiphasic cross sectional imaging studies, and help determine whether there is a need for more aggressive treatment approaches. Further investigation is needed to validate our initial findings as well as the optimal method to incorporate FDG-PET/CT scans in the initial work up of HCC.

COMMENTS

Background

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of death from all cancers. The majority of patients with HCC present beyond eligibility criteria for surgical resection or transplant, and require local liver directed therapy. FDG PET/CT scan has a predictive and prognostic value in different types of cancers, but due to low sensitivity it is not incorporated in the workup for patients with HCC.

Research frontiers

Different studies have shown a correlation between standardized uptake value of HCC on FDG-PET scans and outcomes following different systemic and locoregional treatments. In this study, the authors assessed the prognostic value of pre-treatment FDG-PET/CT scans in HCC patients undergoing liver radioembolization.

Innovations and breakthroughs

After radioembolization, FDG-avid HCC disease was associated with significant worse disease control in the liver. Hazard ratio for progression free survival was 4 (1.4-11.3) (P = 0.008) for FDG-avid disease as opposed to non-FDG-avid disease.

Applications

Further studies and investigations are needed to define the role of PET scans in HCC and to improve sensitivity for FDG or new tracers, so that this biomarker scan is incorporated in the prognostic workup.

Peer-review

The paper includes important information.