Yang R, Zhang C, Malik A, Shen ZD, Hu J, Wu YH. Xeroderma pigmentosum group D polymorphisms and esophageal cancer susceptibility: A meta-analysis based on case-control studies. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20(44): 16765-16773 [PMID: 25469049 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i44.16765]
Corresponding Author of This Article
Yi-He Wu, MD, Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China. drwuyihe@163.com
Research Domain of This Article
Genetics & Heredity
Article-Type of This Article
Meta-Analysis
Open-Access Policy of This Article
This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Rong Yang, Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
Chong Zhang, Armah Malik, Jian Hu, Yi-He Wu, Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
Zhi-Da Shen, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
ORCID number: $[AuthorORCIDs]
Author contributions: Wu YH and Hu J designed the research; Yang R and Zhang C performed the research; Yang R, Malik A and Shen ZD wrote the paper.
Correspondence to: Yi-He Wu, MD, Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China. drwuyihe@163.com
Telephone: +86-571-87236847 Fax: +86-571-87236847
Received: March 21, 2014 Revised: May 5, 2014 Accepted: July 29, 2014 Published online: November 28, 2014 Processing time: 256 Days and 10.5 Hours
Abstract
AIM: To clarify the effects of the xeroderma pigmentosum group D (XPD) Asp312Asn and Lys751Gln gene polymorphisms on the risk of esophageal cancer (EC).
METHODS: A computerised literature search was conducted to identify the relevant studies from the PUBMED and EMBASE databases, reviews, and reference lists of relevant articles. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the associations between the XPD Asp312Asn and/or Lys751Gln polymorphisms and EC susceptibility. Statistical analyses were performed using the software Stata 12.0. A fixed or random effects model was selected based on a heterogeneity test. Publication bias was estimated using funnel plots and Egger’s linear regression method. Subgroup analyses were performed based on histological type and ethnicity.
RESULTS: Thirteen case-control studies with a total of 10 comparisons for the Asp312Asn polymorphism, including 2373 cases and 3175 controls, and 15 comparisons for the Lys751Gln polymorphism, including 3226 cases and 5237 controls, were recruited for the meta-analysis. In terms of the XPD Asp312Asn polymorphism, significantly increased EC risks were identified in the Asp/Asn vs Asp/Asp comparison (OR = 1.17, 95%CI: 1.02-1.33, P = 0.03) and in the dominant-model comparison (Asn/Asn+Asp/Asn vs Asp/Asp: OR = 1.18, 95%CI: 1.04-1.34, P = 0.01). However, no significant associations were found in the Asn/Asn vs Asp/Asp comparison (OR = 1.30, 95%CI: 1.00-1.70, P = 0.05) or in the recessive-model comparison (Asn/Asn vs Asp/Asn + Asp/Asp: OR = 1.17, 95%CI: 0.91-1.50, P = 0.22). In terms of the XPD Lys751Gln polymorphism, a significant association with EC susceptibility was found under the recessive model (Gln/Gln vs Lys/Gln+Lys/Lys: OR = 1.21, 95%CI: 1.02-1.43, P = 0.03). However, no associations were identified in the other comparisons (co-dominant model: Lys/Gln vs Lys/Lys: OR = 1.11, 95%CI: 0.94-1.31, P = 0.20; Gln/Gln vs Lys/Lys: OR = 1.31, 95%CI: 0.98-1.75, P = 0.07; dominant model: OR = 1.14, 95%CI: 0.96-1.35, P = 0.14).
CONCLUSION: The results of this meta-analysis suggest that the XPD Asp312Asn and Lys751Gln gene polymorphisms are associated with a significantly increased risk for EC.
Core tip: To clarify the effects of xeroderma pigmentosum group D (XPD) gene polymorphisms on the risk of esophageal cancer (EC), we performed a meta-analysis of all of the case-control studies that evaluated the association between the genetic polymorphisms of XPD (Asp312Asn and Lys751Gln) and EC susceptibility. Thirteen case-control studies were recruited in the meta-analysis. For the XPD Asp312Asn polymorphism, significantly increased EC risks were found in the Asp/Asn vs Asp/Asp comparison and in the dominant model comparison. For the XPD Lys751Gln polymorphism, a significant association between the XPD Lys751Gln polymorphism and EC susceptibility was found under the recessive model.
Citation: Yang R, Zhang C, Malik A, Shen ZD, Hu J, Wu YH. Xeroderma pigmentosum group D polymorphisms and esophageal cancer susceptibility: A meta-analysis based on case-control studies. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20(44): 16765-16773
Esophageal cancer (EC) is the sixth most frequently diagnosed cancer and the fifth most common cause of cancer death among males[1]. The major risk factors for EC are not well understood but are thought to include smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, poor nutritional status, low intake of fruits and vegetables, etc.[2-5]. Several studies have suggested that the genes involved in the DNA repair system play a crucial role in protecting against mutations, while a decreased DNA repair capacity is viewed as a crucial event in carcinogenesis[6]. The xeroderma pigmentosum group D (XPD) enzyme, an evolutionarily conserved ATP-dependent helicase, plays an important role in the repair of bulky DNA adducts, such as pyrimidine dimers, photoproducts and cross-links[7,8]. Mutations at different sites in the XPD gene can give rise to repair and transcription defects, and altered DNA repair capacity can render a higher risk of developing different types of cancer[9-11]. Several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been identified in the XPD gene. Among them, Asp312Asn (rs1799793 G>A) and Lys751Gln (rs13181 T>G) are commonly identified and result in amino acid changes.
Currently, there are many molecular epidemiological studies exploring the associations between the genetic polymorphisms of XPD, particularly Asp312Asn and Lys751Gln, and EC susceptibility, but the results remain controversial rather than conclusive. To address the inconsistencies in the findings of these studies, we performed a meta-analysis, based on published case-control studies, to derive a more precise estimation of the association between these two XPD polymorphisms and EC susceptibility.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Search strategy
We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, previous reviews and the reference lists from identified articles published up to January 1, 2014 for studies related to EC and genetic polymorphisms[12,13]. We used the following search terms: “ERCC2” or “XPD” or “xeroderma pigmentosum group D” or “excision repair cross-complementing group 2” or “DNA repair gene”, “polymorphism” or “variant”, “esophageal” or “esophagus”, and “cancer” or “carcinoma” or “squamous cell” or “adenocarcinoma”, of which the exploration was limited to human studies. No language restrictions were imposed, and all of the eligible studies were examined carefully, and their references were checked for other relevant publications. All of the literature findings were independently reviewed by two professional co-workers (Yang R. and Wu Y.) to identify the studies that met the following criteria: (1) case-control study design; (2) evaluating the associations between XPD polymorphisms (Asp312Asn and/or Lys751Gln) and EC susceptibility; and (3) reporting the odds ratio (OR) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs), or the size of the sample. Any differences were resolved by consensus. The major excluding criteria included the following: (1) not a case-control study; (2) review publications; or (3) overlapping data.
Data extraction
We used a standardised data extraction method to extract the data from the included papers[14]. Information was collected from each article, including the first author, year of publication, country, journal, racial descent of the study population, demographics, number of cases and controls for each genotype, genotyping method, histological type and confirmation of diagnosis. While the allele frequencies were not given, they were calculated from the corresponding genotype frequencies of the case and control groups.
Statistical analysis
The ORs were employed to evaluate the associations between the XPD Asp312Asn and/or Lys751Gln polymorphisms and EC susceptibility[15]. For Asp312Asn, the pooled ORs were calculated for a co-dominant model (Asp/Asn vs Asp/Asp, Asn/Asn vs Asp/Asp), a dominant model (Asn/Asn+Asp/Asn vs Asp/Asp), a recessive model (Asn/Asn vs Asp/Asn+Asp/Asp) and an additive model [(2Asn/Asn+Asp/Asn) vs 2(Asp/Asn+Asn/Asn+Asp/Asp)]. We evaluated the risks of the same four models for the Lys751Gln genotype as well. The χ2 goodness-of-fit test was used to evaluate whether the genotypes among the control subjects conformed to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). We applied two models of meta-analysis for any dichotomous outcomes according to the results of heterogeneity tests among the individual studies, using the software Stata 12.0 (Stata Corp., College Station, TX, United States): the fixed-effects model (the Mantel-Haenszel method) and the random-effects model (the DerSimonian and Laird method)[15]. Subgroup analyses were performed based on histological type and ethnicity. The publication bias was investigated with a funnel plot, in which the standard error (SE) of log (OR) for each study was plotted against the respective log (OR). The funnel plot asymmetry was assessed using Egger’s linear regression method[15]. The significance of the intercept was determined by the t-test, and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant[16]. All of the statistical tests were performed using Stata version 12.0. All of the P-values were two-sided.
RESULTS
Eligible studies
A total of 136 articles were identified by the combined database search (PubMed and Embase) and manual approach (searching the previous studies cited in previous reviews and use of the reference lists from identified articles) of case-control studies, of which 15 case-control studies satisfied the inclusion criteria. After reading the full texts, two studies by Liu et al[17] and Huang et al[18] were excluded because the subjects had also been included in the studies by Tse et al[19] or Huang et al[20]. Therefore, 13 case-control studies were eventually included in the meta-analysis[19-31]. Figure 1 presents a flowchart of the retrieved and excluded studies with a specification of reasons. Table 1 shows the characteristics of the included studies. Overall, of the 13 included studies, a total of 10 comparisons, including 2373 cases and 3175 controls, for the Asp312Asn polymorphism, and 15 comparisons, including 3226 cases and 5237 controls, for the Lys751Gln polymorphism were reviewed. The distribution of genotypes in the controls of all of the included studies was in accordance with the HWE.
Table 1 Characteristics of the studies included in the meta-analysis.
Figure 1 Flow diagram of the study selection process.
Meta-analysis
XPD Asp312Asn: Table 2 indicates the associations between the XPD Asp312Asn polymorphism and EC susceptibility. Significantly increased risks were found in the Asp/Asn vs Asp/Asp comparison (OR = 1.17, 95%CI: 1.02-1.33, P = 0.03, Table 2) and in the dominant model comparison (Asn/Asn + Asp/Asn vs Asp/Asp: OR = 1.18, 95%CI: 1.04-1.34, P = 0.01, Figure 2, Table 2). However, no significant associations were found in the Asn/Asn vs Asp/Asp comparison (OR = 1.30, 95%CI: 1.00-1.70, P = 0.05, Table 2) or in the recessive model comparison (Asn/Asn vs Asp/Asn + Asp/Asp: OR = 1.17, 95%CI: 0.91-1.50, P = 0.22, Table 2). In the subgroup analysis according to cancer type [esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) or esophageal adenocarcinoma (EADC)], significant associations between the XPD Asp312Asn polymorphism and EC susceptibility were detected in the EADC subgroup in the co-dominant model (Asp/Asn vs Asp/Asp: OR = 1.26, 95%CI: 1.03-1.53, P = 0.02; Asn/Asn vs Asp/Asp: OR = 1.40, 95%CI: 1.04-1.89, P = 0.03, Table 2) and the dominant model (OR = 1.29, 95%CI: 1.07-1.55, P = 0.01, Figure 2, Table 2). Further analysis by ethnicity revealed significant associations of the XPD Asp312Asn polymorphism with EC susceptibility in non-Chinese populations in the Asp/Asn vs Asp/Asp comparison (OR = 1.23, 95%CI: 1.03-1.47, P = 0.02, Table 2) and in the dominant model comparison (OR = 1.24, 95%CI: 1.05-1.47, P = 0.01, Table 2, Figure 3), but the same associations were not seen in Chinese populations. Finally, for the additive model (Table 2), individuals carrying the 312Asn allele were not significantly associated with an increased risk for EC (OR = 1.10, 95%CI: 1.00-1.21, P = 0.06).
Table 2 Results of the meta-analysis for the xeroderma pigmentosum group D Asp312Asn polymorphism and esophageal cancer susceptibility.
Figure 2 Forest plot for the xeroderma pigmentosum group D Asp312Asn polymorphism when stratified by cancer type in a dominant model comparison.
Dominant model: Asn/Asn + Asp/Asn vs Asp/Asp; ESCC: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; EADC: Esophageal adenocarcinoma.
Figure 3 Forest plot for the xeroderma pigmentosum group D Asp312Asn polymorphism when stratified by ethnicity in a dominant model comparison.
Dominant model: Asn/Asn + Asp/Asn vs Asp/Asp; ESCC: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; EADC: Esophageal adenocarcinoma.
XPD Lys751Gln: Table 3 lists the overall results of the meta-analysis for the associations between the XPD Lys751Gln polymorphism and EC susceptibility. There was a significant association with EC susceptibility for the recessive model comparison (Gln/Gln vs Lys/Gln + Lys/Lys: OR = 1.21, 95%CI: 1.02-1.43, P = 0.03, Figure 4, Table 3). However, such associations were not found in the other comparisons (co-dominant model: Lys/Gln vs Lys/Lys: OR = 1.11, 95%CI: 0.94-1.31, P = 0.20; Gln/Gln vs Lys/Lys: OR = 1.31, 95%CI: 0.98-1.75, P = 0.07; dominant model: OR = 1.14, 95%CI: 0.96-1.35, P = 0.14. Table 3). In the stratified analysis based on cancer type (ESCC or EADC), we observed an OR of 1.44 (95%CI: 1.01-2.06, P = 0.05, Table 3) for ESCC risk and an OR of 1.26 (95%CI: 1.02-1.56, P = 0.03, Table 3) for EADC risk, when comparing the Gln/Gln type to the wild type Lys/Lys (Table 3). When stratified by ethnicity, statistically significantly elevated risks were found in Chinese populations in the Gln/Gln vs Lys/Lys comparison (OR = 2.49, 95%CI: 1.44-4.29, P = 0.001, Table 3) and in the recessive model comparison (OR = 2.37, 95%CI: 1.38-4.10, P = 0.002, Figure 5, Table 3), but the same associations were not identified in non-Chinese populations. Finally, for the additive model (Table 3), individuals carrying the 751Gln allele were not significantly associated with an increased risk for EC (OR = 1.10, 95%CI: 0.99-1.22, P = 0.10, Table 3).
Table 3 Results of the meta-analysis for the xeroderma pigmentosum group D Lys751Gln polymorphism and esophageal cancer susceptibility.
Figure 4 Forest plot for the xeroderma pigmentosum group D Lys751Gln polymorphism when stratified by cancer type in a recessive model comparison.
Recessive model: Gln/Gln vs Lys/Gln+Lys/Lys; ESCC: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; EADC: Esophageal adenocarcinoma.
Figure 5 Forest plot for the xeroderma pigmentosum group D Lys751Gln polymorphism when stratified by ethnicity in a recessive model comparison.
Recessive model: Gln/Gln vs Lys/Gln+Lys/Lys; ESCC: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; EADC: Esophageal adenocarcinoma.
Heterogeneity and sensitivity analysis
There was moderate heterogeneity among the studies that described the XPD Asp312Asn polymorphism (co-dominant model: Asp/Asn vs Asp/Asp, P = 0.97; Asn/Asn vs Asp/Asp, P = 0.75; dominant model: P = 0.98; recessive model: P = 0.71; additive model: P = 1.00), but this was not observed in the Lys751Gln polymorphism (co-dominant model: Lys/Gln vs Lys/Lys, P = 0.01; Gln/Gln vs Lys/Lys, P = 0.03; dominant model: P = 0.001; recessive model: P = 0.11; additive model: P = 0.02). The details are shown in Tables 2 and 3.
A sensitivity analysis was carried out by individually omitting each study included in the meta-analysis, and the subsequent results of each genetic model were not materially altered (data not shown), indicating that the results were statistically robust.
Publication bias
Begg’s funnel plot and Egger’s test were performed to assess any possible publication bias. The shape of the funnel plots did not reveal any obvious asymmetry. We have presented the funnel plots of XPD Asp312Asn for the dominant model (Asn/Asn + Asp/Asn vs Asp/Asp) and XPD Lys751Gln for the recessive model (Gln/Gln vs Lys/Gln + Lys/Lys) in Figure 6. The statistical evidence from the results of Egger’s test confirmed the funnel plot symmetry (XPD Asp312Asn: P = 0.31 for Asp/Asn vs Asp/Asp, P = 0.77 for Asn/Asn vs Asp/Asp, P = 0.06 for the dominant model, P = 0.89 for the recessive model, and P = 0.11 for the additive model; XPD Lys751Gln: P = 0.38 for Lys/Gln vs Lys/Lys, P = 0.99 for Gln/Gln vs Lys/Lys, P = 0.40 for the dominant model, P = 0.86 for the recessive model, and P = 0.69 for the additive model).
Figure 6 Funnel plots showing the associations between the xeroderma pigmentosum group D polymorphisms and esophageal cancer susceptibility.
Each point represents a separate study for the indicated association. A: Funnel plot of XPD Asp312Asn for the dominant model (Asn/Asn+Asp/Asn vs Asp/Asp); B: Funnel plot of XPD Lys751Gln for the recessive model (Gln/Gln vs Lys/Gln+Lys/Lys).
DISCUSSION
DNA repair enzyme gene polymorphisms that are capable of altering the function or efficiency of damaged DNA repair can lead to genetic instability and carcinogenesis[32]. A small proportion of published studies have explored the relationship between XPD polymorphisms and EC risk and have yielded inconsistent results[17-31]. In order to derive a more precise estimation of the relationship, we performed a meta-analysis of 13 case-control studies, including 10 comparisons for the Asp312Asn polymorphism (2373 cases and 3175 controls) and 15 comparisons for the Lys751Gln polymorphism (3226 cases and 5237 controls).
In the case of the XPD Asp312Asn polymorphism, our results indicated that individuals carrying the variant heterozygous Asp/Asn showed an increased risk for EC compared to those with the wild-type homozygous Asp/Asp (OR = 1.17, 95%CI: 1.02-1.33). Similarly, a significant association between the XPD Asp312Asn polymorphism and EC was found under the dominant model (OR = 1.18, 95%CI: 1.04-1.34). After stratifying based on cancer type, an association was found in both the co-dominant model and the dominant model for EADC (Asp/Asn vs Asp/Asp: OR = 1.26, 95%CI: 1.03-1.53; Asn/Asn vs Asp/Asp: OR = 1.40, 95%CI: 1.04-1.89; dominant model: OR = 1.29, 95%CI: 1.07-1.55) but not for ESCC. This was opposite to the results of the meta-analysis performed by Duan et al[33], which showed a borderline association with the dominant model for ESCC but not for EADC. Our meta-analysis excluded the study by Liu et al[17], because the subjects had also been included in the study by Tse et al[19], but this exclusion was not performed by Duan et al[33]. In addition, our meta-analysis included a new study by Li et al[31]. Therefore, the present meta-analysis provides more reliable evidence in regards to the importance of the XPD Asp312Asn polymorphism in relation to EC. When stratified by ethnicity, a significant association was found in non-Chinese populations for the Asp/Asn vs Asp/Asp comparison (OR = 1.23, 95%CI: 1.03-1.47) and under the dominant model (OR = 1.24, 95%CI: 1.05-1.47), but the same association was not observed in Chinese populations, indicating that ethnic differences in the genetic background and the environment they live in may play a possible role in EC susceptibility. Therefore, the same XPD Asp312Asn polymorphism plays different roles in EC susceptibility among Chinese and non-Chinese populations, because cancer is a complicated multifactorial disease, and different genetic backgrounds may contribute to the discrepancy[34].
In the case of the XPD Lys751Gln polymorphism, our meta-analysis showed that there was a significant association with EC susceptibility under the recessive model (OR = 1.21, 95%CI: 1.02-1.43). Our results were inconsistent with two previously published meta-analyses by Ding et al[35] and by Yuan et al[36], both of which showed a lack of association between the XPD Lys751Gln polymorphism and EC in total populations. Our meta-analysis included a larger number of studies and more EC cases when compared with these two earlier studies. Therefore, the present meta-analysis provides more reliable evidence about the importance of the XPD Lys751Gln polymorphism in terms of EC. In the analysis stratified according to histological type, a positive association was observed between the XPD Lys751Gln polymorphism and an elevated susceptibility to both ESCC and EADC (ESCC: OR = 1.44, 95%CI: 1.01-2.06; EADC: OR = 1.26, 95%CI: 1.02-1.56), when comparing the Gln/Gln type to the wild type Lys/Lys. When stratified by ethnicity, a significant association was found in Chinese populations for the Gln/Gln vs Lys/Lys comparison (OR = 2.49, 95%CI: 1.44-4.29) and under the recessive model (OR = 2.37, 95%CI: 1.38-4.10), suggesting that the XPD Lys751Gln polymorphism plays a greater role in Chinese populations. It is worth noting that this observation is opposite to that seen in the XPD Asp312Asn polymorphism.
The associations between the XPD Asp312Asn polymorphism and EC susceptibility have been researched in very few studies. Only one study by Huang et al[20] reported that XPD Asp312Asn was associated with a borderline decrease for the risk of ESCC in the Han and Uygur populations. The majority of the studies[19,21-23,25,29,31] reported that there were no statistically significant associations between the XPD Asp312Asn polymorphism and the risk for EC, which is opposite to the results of our meta-analysis, which shows a significant association between the XPD Asp312Asn polymorphism and EC susceptibility. A reason may be that the sample sizes of those studies were too small to explore the subtle association between the XPD Asp312Asn polymorphism and EC susceptibility, but the pool of ORs generated from 10 comparisons significantly increases the statistical power.
Many epidemiological studies have also investigated the association between the XPD Lys751Gln polymorphism and EC susceptibility. Xing et al[21], Pan et al[29] and Ferguson et al[28] reported that the Lys751Gln polymorphism in the XPD gene did not influence the risk for ESCC and/or EADC. However, Yu et al[23], Huang et al[20], Li et al[31], Ye et al[25] and Tse et al[19] revealed a contradictory result, which suggested an increased risk for ESCC and/or EADC in association with the XPD Lys751Gln polymorphism. A more interesting finding revealed by Zhai et al[30] and Casson et al[24] suggested an inverse association, which indicated that the XPD Lys751Gln polymorphism is a protective factor rather than a risk factor for ESCC or EADC. The differences in risk observed in different studies could be partially attributable to the small sample sizes and inappropriate study design. More importantly, the interaction with other polymorphisms and/or particular environmental exposures may also influence the genetic effects of a single polymorphism[35].
There are some limitations to our meta-analysis that should be acknowledged. First, though it is known that the XPD gene has more polymorphisms than just Asp312Asn and Lys751Gln, we focused our meta-analysis on the two most studied polymorphisms due to limited research on other polymorphisms. Second, the studies investigating genetic associations should be based on a large sample size, similar study designs and standardised case and control definitions. Third, the XPD gene polymorphisms may influence EC susceptibility in concert with other genes, but we did not have enough data to conduct any gene-gene interaction analyses. Finally, our results were based on single-factor evaluations without adjustment for other risk factors, including BMI, tobacco, alcohol, environmental factors, or lifestyle.
In conclusion, this meta-analysis showed that the XPD Asp312Asn polymorphism may contribute to EC susceptibility, particularly in non-Chinese populations. In addition, the analysis showed that the XPD Lys751Gln polymorphism may also contribute to EC susceptibility, particularly in Chinese individuals. Large, well-designed case-control studies are recommended in order to further enrich the present findings. Future studies should focus on gene-gene and gene-environment interactions to further shed light on the genetics of EC.
COMMENTS
Background
A small proportion of the published studies have explored the relationship between xeroderma pigmentosum group D (XPD) polymorphisms and esophageal cancer (EC) risk and have yielded inconsistent results. In order to derive a more precise estimation of this relationship, we performed a meta-analysis of all of the case-control studies that evaluated the association between the genetic polymorphisms of XPD (Asp312Asn and Lys751Gln) and EC susceptibility.
Research frontiers
The XPD enzyme plays an important role in the repair of bulky DNA adducts. Mutations at different sites in the XPD gene may render a higher risk for developing EC. However, the evidence is insufficient given the small sample size.
Innovations and breakthroughs
This meta-analysis suggested that the XPD Asp312Asn and Lys751Gln gene polymorphisms are both associated with a significantly increased risk for EC.
Applications
This study provided a potential biomarker to identify high-risk individuals for esophageal cancer.
Terminology
XPD is an evolutionarily conserved ATP-dependent helicase that plays an important role in the repair of bulky DNA adducts, such as pyrimidine dimers, photoproducts and cross-links.
Peer review
The authors clarify the effects of the XPD Asp312Asn and Lys751Gln gene polymorphisms on the risks of esophageal cancer. This is a “delicious” paper.
Footnotes
P- Reviewer: Fujita T, Hirahara N S- Editor: Qi Y L- Editor: Wang TQ E- Editor: Zhang DN
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