Prevalence and risk factors of gallbladder polypoid lesions in Chinese petrochemical employees

Abstract

AIM: To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of polypoid lesions of the gallbladder (PLGs) in petrochemical employees in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China.

METHODS: All active and retired employees aged 20-90 years (n = 11098) of a refinery and chemical plant in eastern China were requested to participate in a health survey. The participants were subjected to interview, physical examination, laboratory assessments and ultrasonography. All the participants were invited to have a physical examination after a face-to-face interview. Fasting blood samples were obtained from the antecubital vein, and the samples were used for the analysis of biochemical values. Abdominal ultrasonography was conducted.

RESULTS: A total of 10461 (7331 men and 3130 women) current and former petrochemical employees attended for screening. The overall prevalence of post-cholecystectomy, gallstones and PLGs was 0.9%, 5.2% and 7.4%, respectively. Compared with the increased prevalence of either gallstones or post-cholecystectomy in older persons, PLGs were more common in the middle-aged, peaking in those aged 40-59 years. Excluding the patients with gallstones, gallstones mixed with PLGs, or those who had undergone cholecystectomy, in the remaining 9828 participants, the prevalence of PLGs in men (8.9%) was significantly higher than that in women (5.5%, P < 0.001). The analyzed risk factors with increased OR for the development of PLGs were male gender (OR = 1.799, P < 0.001), age ≥ 30 years (OR = 2.699, P < 0.001) and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positivity (OR = 1.374, P = 0.006).

CONCLUSION: PLGs are not rare among Chinese petrochemical employees. Male gender, HBsAg positivity, and middle age are risk factors for developing PLGs.

Key Words: Prevalence; Risk factors; Polypoid lesions; Gallbladder; Chinese

Core tip: Polypoid lesions of the gallbladder (PLGs) are commonly encountered in clinical practice. This study investigated the prevalence and risk factors of PLGs in a cohort of petrochemical employees in the city of Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China. It was demonstrated that 7.4% of the petrol-chemical employees studied had PLGs; and male, hepatitis B surface antigen positive and middle-aged employees, especially those aged between 30 and 59 years, had higher risks for developing PLGs.

INTRODUCTION

The widespread application and improved image quality of abdominal ultrasonography in modern clinical practice have led to an increase in the detection of abnormalities of the biliary tree, including polypoid lesions of the gallbladder (PLGs)[1,2]. The significance of PLGs is still poorly understood. In general, PLGs represent a heterogeneous group of changes in the gallbladder wall and include entities such as cholesterol polyps, inflammatory polyps, adenomas, leiomyomas and lipomas[3]. As a result, clinicians are ever more frequently confronted with the question of how to proceed in cases of incidentally discovered PLGs[3]; and patients with PLGs usually require repeated ultrasonography and follow-up[4], enduring a certain degree of anxiety.

The prevalence of PLGs is reported in the range 0.3%-9.5%, depending on the population studied and on the study design. Prevalence in Western studies falls in the range 1.0%-6.1%[5,6], which is lower than that reported in Southeast Asian populations, mainly in Japan, South Korea and Taiwan[7-10]. To date, only a few studies have investigated the prevalence of and risk factors for PLGs in the mainland of China. Yang et al[11] have reported that the prevalence of PLGs in Shanghai was 4.2%. Xu et al[12] have reported that the prevalence in Beijing was 6.9%. However, these two studies were retrospective analyses. To understand better the prevalence of and risk factors for PLGs in Chinese petrochemical employees in Zhejiang Province, a prospectively observational study of 10461 stable participants was conducted in 2009, which is expected to provide a comprehensive update to the results of the previous studies. This cohort of employees will be followed up in the next 5 years. All participants will be invited for annual reassessment, including similar questions, laboratory measurement, ultrasonography, and collection of biological material at baseline. In addition, the progression of PLGs will be observed prospectively.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study population

The study of PLGs was carried out as part of the petrochemical employees annual health check-up survey[13]. In 2009, a descriptive cross-sectional study was performed in a stable population of all employees of a refinery and chemical plant in the city of Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, in the eastern region of China. Chinese law requires state-owned companies to provide annual health check-ups for all employees. The study population included all regular employees with at least 1 mo service at the Zhenhai Refinery and Chemical Plant of the SINO-Petrol Chemical Company, in northeastern Ningbo between January 1 and December 31, 2009.

Invitation to participate was by letter and non-responders received one reminder. A research nurse interviewed subjects at Zhenhai Lianhua Hospital, the former Workers Hospital of the Zhenhai Refinery and Chemical Plant.

The present study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, as amended in Scotland (2000). The protocol and statement of informed consent were approved by the Ethics Committee of Zhenhai Lianhua Hospital, Ningbo. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant.

Interview and physical examination

An appointment was made for each participant at the check-up center of Zhenhai Lianhua Hospital, where a face-to-face interview was conducted by a trained nurse to complete a two-page self-assessment questionnaire that included a gallbladder-related question: “Have you ever had gallbladder surgery”

All individuals were invited to have a physical examination after the face-to-face interview. They were required to fast overnight. Body measurements were performed by a trained medical professional using a standardized protocol. Body weight and standing height were measured in light indoor clothing without shoes. Weight was measured to the nearest 0.1 kg using a calibrated hospital spring scale. Height and waist circumference (WC) were measured in centimeters. WC was measured between the lowest rib and the iliac crest, horizontally through the narrowest part of the torso. Body mass index (BMI) was then calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Individuals were grouped into two categories based on BMI (< 25 and ≥ 25 kg/m²) and WC (< 90 and ≥ 90 cm for men, and < 80 and ≥ 80 cm for women)[14]. Blood pressure was measured using an automated sphygmomanometer with the subject in a sitting position. Systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were measured at the first and fifth Korotkoff phases, respectively.

Laboratory tests

Fasting blood samples were obtained from an antecubital vein, and the samples were used for the analysis of biochemical values. The values included triglyceride, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, uric acid, and fasting plasma glucose (FPG). All values were measured by an Olympus AU640 auto-analyzer (Olympus, Kobe, Japan) using standard methods. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was detected with a second-generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (VITROS ECi Immunodiagnostic System; Ortho Clinical Diagnostics, Inc., Johnson and Johnson, Raritan, NJ, United States). The reagents used were offered by the same company. The tests were undertaken strictly according to the instructions of the manufacturers.

Ultrasonography

All participants were asked to come to a morning examination after an overnight fast of ≥ 8 h. Abdominal ultrasonography was conducted using a scanner equipped with a 2.0-5.0-MHz transducer (Voluson 730, GE Healthcare, Pittsburgh, PA, United States). The ultrasongraphers were unaware of the participants’ clinical and laboratory characteristics. Gallstones were present if the gallbladder contained echoes that moved with gravity, except when the stones were large, a septum existed in the gallbladder, or there was an enclosed infundibulum. PLGs were diagnosed as immobile echoes protruding from inside the gallbladder wall into the lumen. The ultrasonic characteristics of PLGs included hyperechoic structures without acoustic shadow, unequivocal visualization in two planes (longitudinal and in cross-section), no change in position of the wall change secondary to change in subjects’ position. In patients with multiple polyps, the size of the largest polyp was measured. Subjects with both gallstones and PLGs were classified into the gallstones group.

Statistical analysis

Data on quantitative characteristics were expressed as mean ± SD. Data on qualitative characteristics were expressed as percentage values or absolute numbers as indicated. The data analysis was performed with SPSS (version 11.5, SPSS Software, Chicago, IL, United States). For continuous variables, non-parametric tests (two-tailed Mann-Whitney U test) were used. Group differences between the numbers of subjects were analyzed using χ² test (normal data) and analysis of variance (continuous data). A multiple stepwise regression analysis (backward: Wald; cutoff for entry: 0.05, for removal: 0.10) was performed in order to evaluate independent relationships between sex, age and PLG. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

Population studied

All of the 11098 active and retired employees were invited to participate in the study. There were 7760 (69.9%) men and 3338 (30.1%) women. We excluded 637 subjects for not attending the health check program. In all, 7331 (94.5%) of the invited men and 3130 (93.8%) of the women participated in the study. Figure 1 displays the recruitment flow chart. Demographic data on the 10461 attending individuals are shown in Table 1.

Table 1 Population characteristics (n = 10461) n (%).

Characteristics	Male (n = 7331)	Female (n = 3130)
Age, mean ± SD (range) (yr)	46.0 ± 13.2 (21-87)	48.6 ± 12.4 (20-90)
Age distribution (yr)
20-29	551 (7.5)	113 (3.6)
30-39	2221 (30.3)	736 (23.5)
40-49	1903 (26.0)	896 (28.6)
50-59	1506 (20.5)	776 (24.8)
60-69	621 (8.5)	374 (11.9)
≥ 70	529 (7.2)	235 (7.5)
Smoking	2878 (39.3)	20 (0.6)
Alcohol consumption	1910 (26.1)	39 (1.2)
Concomitant condition
Hypertension	3459 (47.2)	1093 (34.9)
Diabetes mellitus	368 (5.0)	162 (5.2)

Figure 1 Recruitment flow chart.

Prevalence of post-cholecystectomy, gallstones and PLGs

There were 90 (0.9%) patients who had undergone cholecystectomy. The overall prevalence of PLGs was 7.4% (777/10461), which was higher than that for gallstones, which was 5.2% (543/10461, P < 0.001). Nineteen subjects with both gallstone and PLG were classified into the group of gallstones. The prevalence was further stratified by age among post-cholecystectomy, gallstones and PLGs (Figure 2A). Compared with the increased prevalence of either gallstones or post-cholecystectomy in older persons, the PLGs were more common in the middle-aged, peaking in those aged 40-59 years. The difference between men and women was stratified with age (Table 2). The prevalence of gallstones and post-cholecystectomy in men was lower than that in women in all age groups. In contrast, the prevalence of PLGs in men was higher than that in women in all age groups. Overall, men had a significantly higher prevalence of PLGs compared to women (8.5% vs 5.0%, P < 0.001). In patients with PLGs, the proportion of large polypoid lesions (≥ 10 mm) was small (14/777, 1.8%; 11 male, 3 female). This equated to a general population prevalence of larger PLGs of 0.1%. None of these 14 patients underwent cholecystectomy.

Table 2 Prevalence, age distribution and gender of patients with post-cholecystectomy, gallstones and polypoid lesions of the gallbladder in 10461 examinees n (%).

Age group (yr)	Examinees		Post-cholecystectomy			Gallstones			PLGs
	Male	Female	Male	Female	P value	Male	Female	P value	Male	Female	P value
20-29	551	113	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	-	4 (0.7)	0 (0.0)	1.000	22 (4.0)	1 (0.9)	0.153
30-39	2221	736	4 (0.2)	6 (0.8)	0.019	40 (1.8)	22 (3.0)	0.051	201 (9.0)	31 (4.2)	< 0.001
40-49	1903	896	9 (0.5)	4 (0.4)	0.322	79 (4.2)	50 (5.6)	0.093	190 (10.0)	49 (5.5)	< 0.001
50-59	1506	776	6 (0.4)	18 (2.3)	< 0.001	94 (6.2)	53 (6.8)	0.588	142 (9.4)	53 (6.8)	0.035
60-69	621	374	11 (1.8)	11 (2.9)	0.223	58 (9.3)	42 (11.2)	0.337	38 (6.1)	15 (4.0)	0.151
≥ 70	529	235	6 (1.1)	15 (6.4)	< 0.001	68 (12.9)	33 (14.0)	0.545	27 (5.1)	8 (3.4)	0.300
Total	7331	3130	36 (0.5)	54 (1.7)	< 0.001	343 (4.7)	200 (6.4)	< 0.001	620 (8.5)	157 (5.0)	< 0.001

PLG: Polypoid lesions of the gallbladders.

Figure 2 Prevalence of gallbladder diseases in different age groups and polypoid lesions of the gallbladder stratified by sex in Chinese petrochemical employees. A: Prevalence of post-cholecystectomy and gallstones increased with age, whereas polypoid lesions of the gallbladder (PLGs) were more common in the middle-aged people, peaking in those aged 40-59 years; B: Prevalence of PLGs stratified by sex in different age groups in the remaining 9828 Chinese petrochemical employees. Prevalence of PLGs in men was higher than in women in all age groups.

Characteristics of subjects according to PLG status

After excluding 543 patients with gallstones and 90 who underwent cholecystectomy, the remaining 9828 participants (93.9% of the total attending population) were further analyzed. Characteristics were compared between the group with PLGs and a control group. Controls were confirmed not to have gallstones, post-cholecystectomy or PLGs in our screening program. The control group consisted of 9051 subjects, including 6332 men and 2719 women (Table 3). Of the remaining 9828 subjects, the overall prevalence of PLGs was 7.9% (777/9828); 8.9% (620/6952) in men and 5.5% (157/2876) in women.

Table 3 Characteristics of the 9828 remaining subjects with and without polypoid lesions of the gallbladders.

Variables	With PLG (n = 777)	Without PLG (n = 9051)	P value
Age (yr), ≥ 30/< 30	754/23	8414/637	< 0.001
Sex, male/female	620/157	6332/2719	< 0.001
Smoking	245 (32.7)	2487 (27.5)	0.002
HBsAg positive	96 (12.4)	842 (9.3)	0.005
Alcohol consumption	166 (21.4)	1686 (18.4)	0.061
History of hypertension	140 (18.0)	1615 (17.8)	0.903
History of diabetes	27 (3.5)	428 (4.7)	0.110
Body mass index (kg/m2)	23.2 ± 2.8	23.0 ± 3.0	0.384
Waist circumference (cm)	80.3 ± 8.4	80.0 ± 9.2	0.472
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	122.0 ± 14.8	122.2 ± 15.4	0.655
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	77.7 ± 10.0	77.7 ± 9.9	0.992
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	5.2 ± 1.0	5.3 ± 1.0	0.128
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	3.1 ± 0.8	3.1 ± 0.8	0.475
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	1.4 ± 0.4	1.5 ± 0.4	0.119
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	1.4 ± 1.0	1.5 ± 1.1	0.490
Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L)	4.8 ± 0.8	4.8 ± 0.8	0.773
Uric acid (μmol/L)	339.0 ± 77.1	336.3 ± 84.5	0.398

Data are expressed as absolute numbers (percentage) or mean ± SD. HBsAg: Hepatitis B surface antigen; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; PLG: Polypoid lesions of the gallbladders.

The differences in the prevalence of PLGs in the remaining population between men and women were investigated for every age decade (Figure 2B). The prevalence of PLGs in men was significantly higher in women (P < 0.001). In men, the prevalence was highest among those in their 40s (10.5%), followed by those in their 50s (10.1%), 30s (9.2%), 60s (6.9%), 70s or above (4.9%), and 20s (4.0%). In women, the prevalence was highest among those in their 50s (7.5%), followed by those in their 40s (5.8%), 60s (4.7%), 30s (4.4%), 70s or above (4.3%), and 20s (0.9%). In men, the overall difference in the age-dependent change in prevalence was found to be statistically significant (χ² = 31.994, P < 0.001). In women, the overall difference in the age-dependent change in prevalence was also significant (χ² = 13.074, P = 0.023). The highest prevalence (10.5%) of PLGs was found in male participants aged 40-49 years.

Logistic regression analysis of relevant risk factors for PLGs

The factors significantly associated with PLGs were male sex (P < 0.001), age ≥ 30 years (P < 0.001), HBsAg positivity (P = 0.005) and cigarette smoking (P = 0.002) (Table 3). In order to identify the risk factors, we performed multivariate logistic regression analysis (backward stepping) (Table 4.) There was no significant difference between the PLG-positive and -negative groups for cigarette smoking (OR = 1.020, 95%CI: 0.854-1.220, P = 0.823). Male gender (OR = 1.799, 95%CI: 1.472-2.199, P < 0.001), age ≥ 30 years (OR = 2.699, 95%CI: 1.762-4.133, P < 0.001) and HBsAg positivity (OR = 1.374, 95%CI: 1.097-1.721, P = 0.006) were still positively correlated with PLGs. However, the risk of PLGs was 2.938 times higher in middle-aged (30-59 years) subjects than in young persons, and old (≥ 60 years) people had a 2.009 times higher risk of PLGs than young people.

Table 4 Multivariate logistic regression analysis for polypoid lesions of the gallbladders.

Variables	B1	OR	95%CI	P value
Sex (male)	0.587	1.799	1.472-2.199	< 0.001
Age (yr)
≥ 30	0.993	2.699	1.762-4.133	< 0.001
30-59	1.078	2.938	1.914-4.511	< 0.001
≥ 60	0.697	2.009	1.243-3.245	0.004
HBsAg (+)	0.318	1.374	1.097-1.721	0.006

¹Regression coefficient. The dependent variable was the presence or absence of polypoid lesions of the gallbladders. The covariates include sex, age ≥ 30 years (divided into age 30-59 years and ≥ 60 years), body mass index ≥ 25.0 kg/m², systolic blood pressure ≥ 130 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥ 85 mmHg, fasting blood glucose ≥ 5.6 mmol/L, triglyceride level ≥ 1.7 mmol/L, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level ≥ 1.03 mmol/L in men or ≥ 1.29 mmol/L in women, and waist circumference ≥ 90 cm in men or ≥ 80 cm in women. HBsAg: Hepatitis B surface antigen.

DISCUSSION

This large population-based survey of current and former petrochemical employees provides a unique opportunity to study the prevalence of gallbladder polyps and the distribution by age and sex in the eastern coastal region of China.

In this stable population, nearly 14% of men and 13% of women aged 20-90 years had gallbladder disorders, including post-cholecystectomy, gallstones and PLGs. Cholecystectomy had been performed in 0.5% of men and 1.7% of women. Gallstones were diagnosed in 4.7% of men and 6.4% of women. PLGs were diagnosed in 8.5% of men and 5.0% of women.

The prevalence of post-cholecystectomy (0.9%) was so low that only 90 participants underwent cholecystectomy. The prevalence of gallstones in this study (5.2%) is similar to that in previous sonographic screening studies conducted in Japan, Taiwan and Korea, where gallstones were identified in 3.6%-11.0% of the population[15-17]. The current study demonstrated a higher prevalence of gallstones in women than in men in all age groups and showed that prevalence increased with age, which is in agreement with previous studies[10].

The prevalence of PLGs was higher than that of gallstones in participants aged < 60 years, and lower than that of gallstones in participants aged ≥ 60 years in this study. These findings are comparable with other studies that have indicated that PLGs were prevalent in middle-aged patients, whereas prevalence of gallstones and cholecystectomy increased with age[18,19]. The true reason for diminishing the prevalence of PLGs with age cannot be clarified in our study. The reported risks for gallstones, such as age, large body size[20,21] and metabolic disorders[22] were not risk factors for development of PLGs in the present study. This difference in risk factors may have been due to the different pathogenesis of these common gallbladder diseases.

PLGs are not rare in Taiwan or in the mainland of China[10-12]. The present study indicated that petrochemical employees in Ningbo had a similar prevalence (7.4%) of PLGs, although a little lower than that in Taiwan (9.5%)[10], but higher than that in Shanghai (4.2%)[11] and Beijing (6.9%)[12]. After excluding 633 patients with gallstones or those who underwent cholecystectomy, in the remaining 9828 participants, the overall prevalence of PLGs was 7.9%; 8.9% in men and 5.5% in women, which was higher than that in Denmark (4.3%)[5], Japan (5.2% and 5.6%)[7,8] and Germany (6.1%)[23]. These differences in the prevalence of PLGs among the Chinese, Japanese, Danish and German people deserve further consideration.

The present study demonstrated that men had a higher prevalence of PLGs than women at all ages. The prevalence of PLGs was highest in middle-aged men in their 40s and 50s. In women, the prevalence of PLGs was highest in those in their 50s. These results were in accordance with a Japanese study[7]. In contrast, the prevalence of post-cholecystectomy or gallstones was higher in women than in men at all ages. However, this study did not identify the mechanisms mediating this sex-related risk.

Hepatitis B virus infection is endemic in China and the HBsAg-positive rate in the general population is approximately 10.0%[24]. The current study found that compared with the PLG-negative group, the PLG-positive group had a significantly higher incidence of HBsAg positivity. Logistic regression analysis showed that HBsAg positivity is a risk factor for PLGs. These results are in agreement with those of some previous studies in the Chinese population[10-12,25], but contrary to others[17,26]. The inconsistent findings may be related to the number of cases, sex ratio, ethnic difference and other factors. The pathophysiology of the association between PLGs and HBsAg positivity deserves further study.

The associations between PLG and sex, age, BMI, WC, blood pressure, serum uric acid, serum lipid level, history of hypertension, history of diabetes, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption were all tested independently. Male sex, age ≥ 30 years and cigarette smoking were statistically significant for the PLG group using the χ² test. Other variables were not significant by univariate analysis. In the multivariate analysis, male sex and age ≥ 30 years were still positively correlated with PLGs. This agreed with previous studies in which male sex was a major risk factor for PLGs. However, cigarette smoking was no longer associated with PLGs, which was in contrast with some previous studies. Okamoto et al[27] have reported that cigarette smoking is inversely related to PLGs in Japanese men. Significant effects of other demographic variables such as BMI, blood pressure, alcohol consumption, and history of hypertension and diabetes on the prevalence of PLGs were not identified in the present study. Similarly, there was no relationship between PLGs and biochemical parameters such as FPG, lipid profile and uric acid.

The present study had some strengths and limitations. First, the employees were a stable population. The demographic characteristics of this group may not be completely generalizable, for example, there were substantially more men than in the general population, but that may be more representative than many other studies in the literature. Second, pathological data were not available for 777 subjects with PLGs, although a proportion (14/777, 1.8%) of the large-sized polyps are likely to develop neoplasms[4,28]. In general, polypoid lesions > 10 mm are an important predictor for malignancy. For small PLGs < 10 mm, it has been shown that most of these lesions are benign and remain so for several years[29,30]. Nevertheless, it is not possible in a screening study to establish the histopathological nature of polypoid lesions. Therefore, a longitudinal study with the same cohort is now underway to observe the progression of PLGs, especially for the 14 cases of larger PLGs.

In conclusion, this study demonstrated that 7.4% of the petrochemical employees had PLGs. Male sex and HBsAg positivity were associated with prevalence of PLGs; and age ≥ 30 years, especially 30-59 years, was positively associated with PLGs. Further research on the prevalence of and risk factors for PLGs is therefore necessary in the general population in the mainland of China.

COMMENTS

Background

The widespread application and improved image quality of abdominal ultrasonography in modern clinical practice have led to an increase in the detection of biliary tree abnormalities, including polypoid lesions of the gallbladder (PLGs). The reported prevalence of PLGs is 0.3%-9.5%, depending on the population studied and on the study design. To date, only a few studies have investigated the prevalence and risk factors for PLGs in China. This study investigated the prevalence of and risk factors for PLGs in a cohort of petrochemical employees in the city of Ningbo, China.

Research frontiers

This large population-based survey provided a unique opportunity to study the prevalence of gallbladder polyps and the distribution by age and sex in the eastern coastal region of China. This study demonstrated that men had a higher prevalence of PLGs than women at all ages. The prevalence of PLGs was highest in middle-aged men in their 40s and 50s. The demographic characteristics of this group may not be completely generalizable, for example, there were substantially more men than in the general population, but that may be more representative than many other studies in the literature.

Innovations and breakthroughs

The prevalence and risk factors of gallbladder polyps from 10461 subjects in eastern China were investigated. The results suggest that these populations do not have a low prevalence of PLGs, and middle-aged men or both sexes positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) have a high risk. These results provide an important reference for the prevention and treatment of gallbladder polyps.

Applications

To understand better the prevalence of and risk factors for PLGs in petrochemical employees in Zhejiang Province, China, a prospective observational study of 10461 stable participants was conducted in 2009, which is expected to provide a comprehensive update to the results of previous studies. The results provide an important evidence for the prevention and treatment of gallbladder polyps.

Terminology

PLGs represent a heterogeneous group of changes in the gallbladder wall and include entities such as cholesterol polyps, inflammatory polyps, adenomas, leiomyomas and lipomas.

Peer review

In this paper, the prevalence and risk factors of gallbladder polyps from 10461 subjects in eastern China were investigated. The results suggest that these populations do not have a low prevalence of PLGs, and middle-aged men or people of both sexes positive for HBsAg have a high risk. These results provide an important reference for the prevention and treatment of gallbladder polyps. Nevertheless, further clarification or revision in some places of the paper are needed.