Scientometrics Open Access
Copyright ©2009 The WJG Press and Baishideng. All rights reserved.
World J Gastroenterol. Jun 21, 2009; 15(23): 2933-2939
Published online Jun 21, 2009. doi: 10.3748/wjg.15.2933
Medline-based bibliometric analysis of gastroenterology journals between 2001 and 2007
Li-Fang Chou, Department of Public Finance, National Chengchi University, Taipei 11623, Taiwan, China
Author contributions: Chou LF conceived the study, performed the analysis and drafted the manuscript.
Correspondence to: Li-Fang Chou, Department of Public Finance, National Chengchi University, No. 64, Section 2, Chih-Nan Road, Taipei 11623, Taiwan, China. lifang@nccu.edu.tw
Telephone: +886-2-29387310
Fax: +886-2-29390074
Received: November 16, 2008
Revised: May 16, 2009
Accepted: May 23, 2009
Published online: June 21, 2009

Abstract

AIM: To analyze the MEDLINE-indexed publications in gastroenterology specialty journals from 2001 to 2007. Special attention was paid to specific types of articles, the number of publications for individual authors and the author count in each journal.

METHODS: The bibliographic entries of papers belonging to journals listed under the subject heading of “gastroenterology” were downloaded from MEDLINE on the PubMed web site. The analysis was limited to journal articles published between January 1, 2001 and December 31, 2007. The analytical dimensions of an article included journal, publication year, publication type, and author name (the last name and initials).

RESULTS: According to MEDLINE, 81 561 articles were published in 91 gastroenterology journals from 2001 to 2007. The number of articles increased from 9447 in 2001 to 13 340 in 2007. Only 12 journals had more than 2000 articles indexed in MEDLINE. The “World Journal of Gastroenterology” had the largest number of publications (5684 articles), followed by “Hepato-Gastroenterology” (3036) and “Gastrointestinal Endoscopy” (3005). Of all the articles published, reviews accounted for 17.2% and case reports for 15.4%. Only 3739 randomized controlled trials (4.6% of all articles) were published and their annual number increased from 442 in 2001 to 572 in 2007. Among 141 741 author names appearing in the articles of gastroenterology journals, 92 429 had published only in one journal, 22 585 in two journals, 9996 in three journals, and 16 731 in more than three journals. The “World Journal of Gastroenterology” had the greatest number of authors (17 838), followed by “Gastroenterology” (12 770), “Digestive Diseases and Sciences” (11 395), “American Journal of Gastroenterology” (10 889), and “Hepatology” (10 588).

CONCLUSION: Global gastroenterology publications displayed a continuous growth in the new millennium. The change was most striking in certain journals. Regular bibliometric analyses on the trends and specific topics would help researchers publish more efficiently and allow editors to adjust the policy more accurately.

Key Words: Bibliographic databases; Bibliometrics; Biomedical research; Gastroenterology; MEDLINE



INTRODUCTION

Gastroenterology is a highly competitive and productive field of medical research. Researchers in this field usually have a stronger need for bibliographic information than those in other fields. In the past few years, several bibliometric researches have been devoted to the global research trend[1], the research output in specific regions[23] and countries[46], and the share of author origins in specific journals[79] in gastroenterology. However, there still seemed to be a lack of a comparative overview of all gastroenterology specialty journals in the world.

The aim of the current study was to analyze the publications in gastroenterology journals in the new millennium, based on MEDLINE which is freely offered over the internet by the National Library of Medicine in the United States of America. Special attention was paid to specific types of articles, e.g. randomized controlled trials. Because researchers might not publish solely in one journal during a period of several years, a new analytical method was also proposed to calculate the share of authors publishing in only one journal among all authors in each journal. This new indicator may serve as another dimension to author origins in a journal.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Journal selection and data sources

The specialty journals of gastroenterology were limited to those listed under the subject heading of “gastroenterology” in MEDLINE. The master file of journals in MEDLINE was first downloaded (ftp://ftp.nlm.nih.gov/online/journals/lsi2008.xml, accessed on September 8, 2008) and a total of 141 gastroenterology journals were identified. Due to cessation of publication and name changes, not all journals were still available.

The bibliographic entries of papers belonging to selected journals were downloaded from MEDLINE on the PubMed web site (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez/, accessed on September 8, 2008). The downloading consisted of journals with a Perl script. The retrieval was limited to papers published since 2001. The format type of the retrieval was MEDLINE.

Study design

One bibliographic record with the MEDLINE format contains pairs of tags and data, e.g. PMID-14647050 and AU-Lee SD, where PMID (PubMed unique identifier) and AU (author) are tags. Some types of tags, e.g. AU, PT (publication type) and MH (medical subject headings term), might appear more than once in one record. Some types of tags are not obligatory and might not be present in every record.

The downloaded datasets with MEDLINE format were merged and transformed into one single file with the structure of entity-attribute-value (EAV)[10] for further efficient processing, where entity stood for the PMID of a paper, attribute for the tag, and value for the data. For example, the pair “AU-Lee SD” in the paper of “PMID-14647050” would be converted into “14647050 [tab] AU [tab] Lee SD”.

From the EAV file, the numbers of papers in each journal during the years of coverage were first calculated. The processing was limited to papers categorized as “journal article” in the publication type field. In addition, only papers published between January 1, 2001 and December 31, 2007 were included in this analysis.

The articles were also counted according to their publication type. An article might not contain only one publication type. For articles with the publication type of randomized controlled trial, their distribution in journals over the years was computed.

In computing the productivity of individual researchers in all gastroenterology journals, the methods of “total author counting”[11] was adopted. Each author of an article was recognized as having written one article, and then the number of articles authored or coauthored by each researcher during the 7-year period was counted.

Because an author’s full name has been indexed in MEDLINE since 2002 and one fifth of the original publications did not contain the full author name[12], authors in the current study were identified according to the conventional author indexing of MEDLINE, i.e. last name, up to two initials of first and middle names, and/or a suffix abbreviation. Different authors with the same last name and initials would not be specifically differentiated in aggregate statistics. However, the name ambiguity would be considered in listing the most prolific authors.

For each journal, the total number of authors who had published in the journal during the 7-year period was calculated as the denominator and then the number of authors who had never published in other gastroenterology journals during the 7-year period was computed as the numerator. The fractional number for each journal might suggest the breadth of author origins.

Statistical analysis

The programming scripts with Perl version 5.10.0 (http://www.perl.com/) were written for downloading and computing. As a popular computer language since the internet era, Perl belongs to the open source software and can be freely downloaded and distributed for use. The National Library of Medicine also provides examples of Perl scripts for use of Entrez programming utilities from PubMed.

Only descriptive statistics, frequency in count and percentage, were displayed.

RESULTS

According to MEDLINE, 81 561 articles were published in 91 gastroenterology journals from 2001 to 2007 (Table 1). The number of articles increased from 9447 in 2001 to 13 340 in 2007. The “World Journal of Gastroenterology” had the largest number of publications (5684 articles), followed by “Hepato-Gastroenterology” (3036) and “Gastrointestinal Endoscopy” (3005). Only 12 journals had more than 2000 articles indexed in MEDLINE. By comparing the situations in 2001 and in 2007, the “World Journal of Gastroenterology” had the highest growth rate of publications (5.0-fold increase), followed by “BMC Gastroenterology” (2.3-fold), “Revista de Gastroenterologia de Mexico” (2.2-fold), “International Journal of Colorectal Disease” (2.0-fold), and “Inflammatory Bowel Diseases” (2.0-fold). The highest absolute growth was also claimed by “World Journal of Gastroenterology” (867 more articles), followed by “Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology” (208), “Zhonghua Ganzangbing Zazhi (Chinese Journal of Hepatology)” (200), and “Digestive Diseases and Sciences” (180). In contrast, 21 journals had fewer publications in 2007 than in 2001.

Table 1 Publication trend of articles in gastroenterology journals, 2001-2007.
Journal2001200220032004200520062007Total
Abdom Imaging126117147116119146126897
Acta Gastroenterol Belg45523845665147344
Acta Gastroenterol Latinoam34173016275249225
Aliment Pharmacol Ther2463053724163633903382430
Am J Gastroenterol5434664253383633833402858
Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol3312892672722982893542100
Ann Hepatol302929485647239
Arq Gastroenterol44424549466163350
Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol64676690666867488
BMC Gastroenterol14233432394346231
Can J Gastroenterol98799895668597618
Chin J Dig Dis354339117
Clin Colorectal Cancer27313443605449298
Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol62153219231275940
Clin Liver Dis52565349444850352
Colorectal Dis681059392104139149750
Curr Gastroenterol Rep81707977767180534
Curr Issues Intest Microbiol5587710547
Curr Opin Gastroenterol91856678868178565
Dig Dis47404353363353305
Dig Dis Sci3904153453244063765702826
Dig Liver Dis1291721741661531762001170
Dig Surg95967870606578542
Digestion88696271697770506
Dis Colon Rectum2632452552703012462571837
Dis Esophagus63687566809192535
Dysphagia37423635424043275
Eat Weight Disord35425549565247336
Eksp Klin Gastroenterol145120949681119655
Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol2632222122172172161921539
Gastric Cancer33455735424540297
Gastroenterol Clin Biol1961951852131721901771328
Gastroenterol Clin North Am54745459464951387
Gastroenterol Hepatol8990871099514284696
Gastroenterol Nurs48534755656851387
Gastroenterology3614374024684284394562991
Gastrointest Endosc4364914474293744124163005
Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am47555259516152377
Gut3224063483463423202992383
Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int128121128120115114726
Hepatogastroenterology4144225804434262095423036
Hepatology3443893353533193463882474
Hernia474450848610498513
Indian J Gastroenterol10487105858810493666
Inflamm Bowel Dis667065156160147200864
Int J Colorectal Dis6364868974123191690
Int J Gastrointest Cancer4346435123206
Int J Pancreatol2525
J Clin Gastroenterol1851801561771771771571209
J Dig Dis3636
J Gastroenterol1252061921701561471721168
J Gastroenterol Hepatol2392792132653273654472135
J Gastrointest Surg1001271401611751952581156
J Gastrointestin Liver Dis6169130
J Health Popul Nutr32454347445756324
J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg881077684919798641
J Hepatol2262313042682822762271814
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr2562682072342732442191701
J Viral Hepat6264718090117126610
JOP55182468697987400
Korean J Gastroenterol81103136144133597
Korean J Hepatol41515759208
Liver5887145
Liver Int7596153159172655
Liver Transpl1841862342562252972811663
Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol27423235294136242
Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol27126121138412
Neurogastroenterol Motil556464114104105128634
Nippon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi127155141112130120144929
Pancreas128134154147143116131953
Pancreatology74585538725456407
Rev Esp Enferm Dig576173998991110580
Rev Gastroenterol Disord13284751352732233
Rev Gastroenterol Mex318366821058899554
Rev Gastroenterol Peru34323435393946259
Rom J Gastroenterol48475063208
Ross Gastroenterol Zh2929
Scand J Gastroenterol2182352092222192102351548
Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl1618301525104
Semin Gastrointest Dis26232372
Semin Liver Dis43414460473938312
Surg Endosc3764545053932923624632845
Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech8689908092107144688
Taehan Kan Hakhoe Chi6742109
Tech Coloproctol414339130546759433
Trop Gastroenterol65665955564351395
Turk J Gastroenterol485958536549332
World J Gastroenterol1722366328121478131510395684
Z Gastroenterol134156127115909093805
Zhonghua Ganzangbing Zazhi1141933253253413083141920
Zhonghua Weichang Waike Zazhi109108105322
Total944710 66311 17811 66312 61012 66013 34081 561

As to the publication type of these articles, reviews accounted for 17.2% (14 005 articles) of all articles from 2001 to 2007 and case reports 15.4% (12 539) (Table 2). There were only 3739 randomized controlled trials (4.6% of all articles) among 4627 clinical trials (5.7%). The annual number of randomized controlled trials increased from 442 in 2001 to 572 in 2007. Randomized controlled trials were most frequently published in “Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics” (536 articles), followed by “American Journal of Gastroenterology” (278), “Gastrointestinal Endoscopy” (186), “Surgical Endoscopy” (183), “World Journal of Gastroenterology” (176), and “Gastroenterology” (171). Among these journals, the “World Journal of Gastroenterology” had the greatest increase in randomized controlled trials: from 5 in 2001 to 34 in 2007 (detailed data not shown in tables).

Table 2 Articles of gastroenterology journals stratified by selected publication type and author type, 2001-2007.
JournalNo. of all articlesReviewCase reportClinical trialMulticenter studyRandomized controlled trialNo. of authorsNo. of exclusive authors1Share of exclusive authors1 (%)
Abdom Imaging8971843107173094136044.0
Acta Gastroenterol Belg34413792843111343539.1
Acta Gastroenterol Latinoam225365254281554266.5
Aliment Pharmacol Ther2430674105562735368177210825.8
Am J Gastroenterol285830216927915027810 889275325.3
Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol210012655277045268938.2
Ann Hepatol2398958102770533247.1
Arq Gastroenterol35034216510106768964.6
Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol4884596114534129.8
BMC Gastroenterol2316471261393416417.6
Can J Gastroenterol618187137171818157955635.2
Chin J Dig Dis117232254007117.8
Clin Colorectal Cancer2981302525171491055260.7
Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol940153198647689407991822.5
Clin Liver Dis35234915227814.9
Colorectal Dis7509111321433220289540.6
Curr Gastroenterol Rep534418161579113917.6
Curr Issues Intest Microbiol47241338160.9
Curr Opin Gastroenterol56524573514419.6
Dig Dis305202572885212815.0
Dig Dis Sci28261836491485813511 395341830.0
Dig Liver Dis11702391467845564634127027.4
Dig Surg542961489313199751425.7
Digestion50610645492841233248320.7
Dis Colon Rectum1837130256219571436506234936.1
Dis Esophagus5357114521715222670931.9
Dysphagia2751633131685057968.1
Eat Weight Disord336352117514107086781.0
Eksp Klin Gastroenterol655138237611898494095.5
Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol15393153788393876606196629.8
Gastric Cancer29740543097130124919.1
Gastroenterol Clin Biol13286033263536163188162350.9
Gastroenterol Clin North Am387373361410717.4
Gastroenterol Hepatol69622918412332259123554.7
Gastroenterol Nurs38711429121943029368.1
Gastroenterology299135220516910617112 770400331.3
Gastrointest Endosc300522012752301001868547242628.4
Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am37733825818715.0
Gut23833432271321391449785261226.7
Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int726646740920212846421.8
Hepatogastroenterology3036145654155311009648295230.6
Hepatology24742111514810513110 588350233.1
Hernia51360151201832162782250.5
Indian J Gastroenterol6666635516217179189349.9
Inflamm Bowel Dis86415837433431326685426.1
Int J Colorectal Dis6906374572140324993028.6
Int J Gastrointest Cancer206365214296827928.8
Int J Pancreatol253913796.6
J Clin Gastroenterol12093202415931564326119227.6
J Dig Dis36632111602918.1
J Gastroenterol1168219299452429442973416.6
J Gastroenterol Hepatol21352743519337917661167221.8
J Gastrointest Surg11561141322316244329147634.1
J Gastrointestin Liver Dis130224143348421644.6
J Health Popul Nutr3241618216118592478.0
J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg641142207846234542718.2
J Hepatol181425911412056818036220027.4
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr170125738993361195894323955.0
J Viral Hepat6107416814856325588727.3
JOP40012416872139647333.9
Korean J Gastroenterol59765128748124937229.8
Korean J Hepatol2082528235858915.2
Liver1451420141575916421.6
Liver Int6556838391619361375120.8
Liver Transpl16632232617243495517202536.7
Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol242871551278828436.0
Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol4121283581086939113.1
Neurogastroenterol Motil634111552539187447825.5
Nippon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi929326594111346485624.7
Pancreas95360109351693966114428.8
Pancreatology407108551652162739924.5
Rev Esp Enferm Dig58080145285132185123456.5
Rev Gastroenterol Disord2331544124108.1
Rev Gastroenterol Mex554204112158122497279.4
Rev Gastroenterol Peru25950748682469284.0
Rom J Gastroenterol2085166245459031853.9
Ross Gastroenterol Zh29522904448.9
Scand J Gastroenterol154880128151651206465181728.1
Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl104922112702810.4
Semin Gastrointest Dis726443121119.1
Semin Liver Dis3122642925988013.4
Surg Endosc2845229430203731839117440448.3
Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech6884531823424252387134.5
Taehan Kan Hakhoe Chi109430424176114.6
Tech Coloproctol4335382261423128350039.0
Trop Gastroenterol39584166111792944047.4
Turk J Gastroenterol3321187746109646042.0
World J Gastroenterol56845846373384617617 838683938.3
Z Gastroenterol805198193391414191773738.4
Zhonghua Ganzangbing Zazhi192095333411343693111730.2
Zhonghua Weichang Waike Zazhi322109626223.9
Total81 56114 0051253946272090373914 174192 42965.2

If only the last name and initials of the authors were considered, 141 741 author names appeared in the articles of gastroenterology journals from 2001 to 2007. The “World Journal of Gastroenterology” had the greatest number of authors (17 838), followed by “Gastroenterology” (12 770), “Digestive Diseases and Sciences” (11 395), “American Journal of Gastroenterology” (10 889), and “Hepatology” (10 588) (Table 2). Among all authors, 82 174 had published only one article, 22 192 two articles, 10 672 three articles, and 26 703 more than three articles. On the other hand, 92 429 authors had published only in one journal, 22 585 in two journals, 9996 in three journals, and 16 731 in more than three journals. The share of authors publishing only in one journal among all authors of the journal was generally higher in journals with apparently narrower research fields or locality, e.g. “Eksperimental'naia i Klinicheskaia Gastroenterologiia (Experimental & Clinical Gastroenterology)” (95.5%), “Revista de Gastroenterologia del Peru” (84.0%), “Eating and Weight Disorders” (81.0%), “Revista de Gastroenterologia de Mexico” (79.4%), and “Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition” (78.0%) (Table 2).

The top 10 prolific researchers in these gastroenterology journals are listed in Table 3. They were from seven institutions in six countries: three in the USA, four in Europe, and three in Asia. Only two of the top-ranked researchers were surgeons (Masatoshi Makuuchi and Markus W Buchler).

Table 3 The most prolific authors in gastroenterology journals, 2001-2007.
AuthorAffiliationNo. of articles
Nicholas J TalleyMayo Clinic, Rochester, USA205
Michael P MannsHannover Medical School, Germany170
Peter MalfertheinerUniversity of Magdeburg, Germany166
Todd H BaronMayo Clinic, Rochester, USA165
Masatoshi MakuuchiUniversity of Tokyo, Japan163
Markus W BuchlerUniversity of Heidelberg, Germany160
Shou-Dong LeeTaipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan, China155
Giovanni GasbarriniCatholic University of Rome, Italy147
William J SandbornMayo Clinic, Rochester, USA141
Full-Young ChangTaipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan, China140
DISCUSSION

The current study demonstrated the most recent trend in publications from gastroenterology specialty journals worldwide. Gastroenterology publications have continued to prosper in the new millennium, not merely due to the expanded coverage of MEDLINE or the growth of a single journal. The number of randomized controlled trials has also increased, but their growth rate has slightly lagged behind that of other articles. Numerous researchers participated in gastroenterology publications; a substantial number of the authors were active in research and had multiple publications. Gastroenterology journals thus showed diverse authorships in which many authors of a journal also published in other specialty journals.

The current study chose MEDLINE as the data source because of its open access and international visibility. To compare the “quality” of scientific publications, people have adopted the controversial citation statistics and “impact factor” in recent years. Because the quantity of citations has increased tremendously and the databank of citations is not freely open to the public, the monopolized data from the black box cannot be extensively verified. Normally, most researchers just need a quick orientation in the field of interest, e.g. the features of journals, the most prolific authors or facilities, or the hottest subjects. Such requests can be easily satisfied by free MEDLINE after processing, without resorting to commercial databases which most individual researchers around the world can hardly afford.

Despite collective growth since 2001, the increases and decreases in individual gastroenterology journals could be observed. Among all journals, the “World Journal of Gastroenterology” was most striking. Not only had it published the greatest number of articles since 2003, but it had also attracted the most authors. Along with quantitative growth, the “World Journal of Gastroenterology” also had more randomized controlled trials. According to an earlier bibliometric analysis on the “World Journal of Gastroenterology”, the author origins of the Journal had become more diverse by geographic distribution since 2003. From the analysis in the current study, the majority of authors in the “World Journal of Gastroenterology” did not only publish in this Journal during the study period. Both of these facts indicated that the “World Journal of Gastroenterology” had established its position in international gastroenterology publications.

The global research community has frequent fervent disputes about the quality of journal articles[13]. There appears to be a growing discontent about the misuse of the impact factor in hiring, promoting and grant-awarding. Researchers usually consider several factors when choosing a journal to publish their research results. A research article should be judged by its content, and not merely by the journal in which it was published. That is, the impact of an individual article should not be evaluated by the journal impact factor. The function of the academic journal as an effective platform for scientific communication can never be overestimated. Time will show which editorial team acts best.

The major limitation in the current study was the separation of distinct authors. The ambiguity of author names is an unresolved problem of bibliometric research[14]. Although MEDLINE started to index full author names in 2002, the problem still remains. Not every journal print author names in full. Besides, not every author spells their forename consistently in different articles. For example, Buchler MW appeared as Markus W Buchler, Markus-W Buchler, and Markus Wolfgang Buchler. Most cases of ambiguity existed in authors of East Asian origin. Because of homonymous features in Chinese/Japanese/Korean characters, a lot of distinct authors might share the same full name spelled in Latin letters. Therefore, the share of exclusive authors (never publishing in other journals) in each journal in the current study represented only the lowest estimate.

In conclusion, global gastroenterology publications demonstrated a continuous growth in the new millennium. The change was most striking in certain journals. Regular bibliometric analyses on the trends and specific topics would help researchers publish more efficiently and allow editors to adjust the policy more accurately.

Footnotes

Peer reviewers: Liang-Ping Hu, Professor, Consulting Center of Biomedical Statistics, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China; Sheng-Li Ren, PhD, Department of Publication, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Beijing 100085, China

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