Zhao HC, Qin R, Chen XX, Sheng X, Wu JF, Wang DB, Chen GH. Microvessel density is a prognostic marker of human gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12(47): 7598-7603 [PMID: 17171787 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i47.7598]
Corresponding Author of This Article
Dr. Hong-Chuan Zhao, Department of Liver Transplantation, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China. zhc0117@sina.com
Article-Type of This Article
Gastric Cancer
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Hong-Chuan Zhao, Gui-Hua Chen, Department of Liver Transplantation, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
Rong Qin, Xiao-Xin Chen, Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, United states
Rong Qin, Xia Sheng, Ji-Feng Wu, Dao-Bin Wang, Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, 69 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui Province, China
ORCID number: $[AuthorORCIDs]
Author contributions: All authors contributed equally to the work.
Supported by the Major State Basic Research Development Program (973 Program) of China (No. 2003CB515507) and Science and Technology Fund by Department of Education of Anhui Province
Correspondence to: Dr. Hong-Chuan Zhao, Department of Liver Transplantation, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China. zhc0117@sina.com
Telephone: +86-20-87595523 Fax: +86-20-87595523
Received: October 13, 2006 Revised: November 15, 2006 Accepted: November 23, 2006 Published online: December 21, 2006
Abstract
AIM: To investigate whether microvessel density (MVD) is related with prognosis in gastric cancer patients, and the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and vessel endothelial growth factor (VEGF) so as to determine the possible role of COX-2 and VEGF in gastric cancer angiogenesis.
METHODS: Forty-seven formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples of gastric cancer were evaluated for COX-2, VEGF by immunohistochemical staining. To assess tumor angiogenesis, MVD was determined by immunohistochemical staining of endothelial protein factor VIII-related antigen. The relationship among COX-2 and VEGF expression, MVD, and clinicopathologic parameters was analyzed.
RESULTS: Among the 67 samples, high MVD was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis and poor survival. Multivariate survival analysis showed that MVD value and lymph node metastasis were independent prognostic factors. The expression rate of COX-2 and VEGF was significantly higher than that of the adjacent tissues. COX-2 and VEGF expression in gastric cancer was significantly correlated with tumor differentiation and depth of invasion, but not with survival. The mean MVD value of COX-2 or VEGF positive tumors was higher than that of COX-2 or VEGF negative tumors. A significant correlation was found between the expressions of COX-2 and VEGF.
CONCLUSION: MVD may be one of the important prognostic factors for gastric cancer patients. COX-2 and VEGF may play an important role in tumor progression by stimulating angiogenesis. VEGF might play a main role in the COX-2 angiogenic pathway. The inhibition of angiogenesis or COX-2, VEGF activity may have an important therapeutic benefit in the control of gastric cancer.
Citation: Zhao HC, Qin R, Chen XX, Sheng X, Wu JF, Wang DB, Chen GH. Microvessel density is a prognostic marker of human gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12(47): 7598-7603
Gastric cancer is one of the most frequent and lethal malignancies worldwide, especially in Eastern Asia including China, and the 5-year survival rate is only about 20%[1]. A recent research has shown an increasing trend of gastric cancer mortality in China in the past 20 years, especially in rural areas and among aged people[2]. To date, the treatment outcome of this common malignancy is still not satisfactory. One major difficulty in the diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer is that only a few prognostic indicators can predict its clinical behavior. Recently, angiogenesis has been related to metastasis and poor prognosis in gastric cancer.
Angiogenesis, the process leading to the formation of new blood vessels, plays a central role in cancer cell survival, local tumor growth, and development of distant metastasis[3-5]. The degree of intratumoral microvessel density (MVD) by immunohistochemistry is thought to influence tumor metastasis and consequently prognosis in various human cancers, including gastric cancer[6-10]. The formation of tumor microvessels is dependent on the production of angiogenic growth factors by tumor cells. The formation of tumor microvessels is stimulated by angiogenic growth factors, including vessel endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1). The expression of these factors correlates with tumor angiogenesis, tumor progression and poor prognosis[11-13]. Among the known angiogenic factors, VEGF has emerged as the central regulator of the angiogenic process in cancer. The biological functions of VEGF include selective promotion of mitosis of endothelial cells, stimulation of their proliferation and angiogenesis, an increase in vessel transparency and extra-vasculization of large plasma molecules[14-17].
Cyclooxygenase (COX) is the rate-limiting enzyme in prostaglandin (PG) metabolism. COX has two isoforms: COX-1 and COX-2. COX-1 is constitutively expressed in most normal tissues and is thought to be involved in maintaining physiological function. COX-2 is frequently undetectable in normal tissue, but can be induced in response to growth factors, tumor promoters, hormones and cytokines, thus contributing to the synthesis of prostaglandin in inflamed and malignant tissues[18,19]. Over-expression of COX-2 is detectable in various solid malignancies including gastric cancer, and is thought to be involved in the critical steps in carcinogenesis, as well as a regulator of tumor angiogenesis[20-22]. However, the potential mechanism remains unclear.
To analyze the relationships between MVD, COX-2 and VEGF expression, clinicopathologic parameters and survival time of patients in gastric cancer, 67 specimens were evaluated for COX-2, VEGF and endothelial protein factor VIII-related antigen by immunohistochemical staining of MVD.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Patients and specimens
Sixty-seven patients (54 men and 13 women, medium age 56 years) with gastric cancer undergone radical gastrectomy in the Department of Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, from October 1997 to October 2000, were enrolled in this study. The eligibility criteria were: histologically proven gastric adenicarcinoma, no previous systemic chemotherapy or radiotherapy before operation, and well documented clinical data. The mean follow-up time was 34 mo (from 16 d to 60 mo).
All tissues were surgically resected. Cancerous tissue and para-cancerous gastric mucosa were all from the same specimens. Each specimen was fixed in 10% phosphate-buffered formalin immediately after resection, embedded in paraffin and cut into 4 μm-thick sections for immunohistochemical study and routine histological examination.
Immunohistochemistry
The sections were dewaxed and rehydrated by sequential immersion in xylene and graded ethanol and water. Endogenous peroxidase activity was blocked by incubation with 3% hydrogen peroxide methanol. Antigen-retrieval treatment was performed in a full pressure cooker for 10-15 min to obtain optimal results. After washed in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and exposed to 10% normal horse serum for 10 min to reduce non-specific binding, the sections were incubated with the primary antibody, which reacts specifically with VEGF (polyclonal, L2702, 1:50 dilution, overnight at 4°C; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.), COX-2 (polyclonal, J1602, 1:50 dilution, overnight at 4°C; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.), or factor VIII-related antigen (polyclonal, ZA-0111, overnight at 4°C; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.). All the sections were incubated with biotinylated IgG for 30 min and then with streptoavidin-peroxidase regent for 20 min. Finally, the sections were incubated in PBS containing diaminobenzidine and 1% hydrogen peroxide for 5 min, counterstained with Mayer hematoxylin, and mounted. PBS was substituted for primary antibody as the negative control.
Evaluation of immunostaining and microvessel counting
To evaluate COX-2 and VEGF expression, a score was established corresponding to the sum of a: percentage of positive cells (0 = 0% immunopositive cells, 1 = < 25% positive cells, 2 = 26%-50% positive cells, and 3 = > 50% positive cells), and b: staining intensity (0 = negative, 1 = weak, 2 = moderate, 3 = high). The sum of a + b reached a maximum score at 6. Scores between 0 and 2 were regarded as negative (-), between 3 and 4 as weak (+), and between 5 and 6 as strongly positive (++), respectively.
Intratumoral microvessels were highlighted by immunostaining with anti-factor VIII related antigen polyclonal antibody. Any single brownly stained cells or cluster of endothelial cells clearly separated from adjacent microvessels, tumor cells, and other connective tissue elements were considered as vessels. Branching structures were counted as a single vessel unless there was a discontinuity in the structure. The stained sections were screened at 100-magnification under a light microscope to identify the 5 regions of the section with the highest vascular density. Vessels were counted in the 5 regions at 200-magnification, and the average number of microvessels was recorded. Two observers did the counting, and the mean value was used for analysis.
Statistical analysis
Data were analyzed by SPSS version 10.0 for windows. The correlations between expression of COX-2, VEGF and clinic pathological parameters were assessed by the Chi-square test or the Spearman rank test. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate survival as a function of time, and survival differences were analyzed by the log-rank test. The COX proportional hazard model was used for multivariate analysis of prognostic factors. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All P values are represented as two-sided.
RESULTS
Correlation between MVD and clinicopathologic features
The MVD for 67 tumor specimens ranged from 14 to 58 with a mean MVD of 28.46 ± 8.28. When a mean MVD value of 28 was chosen as the cut-off point for discrimination of the 67 patients, 37 patients were categorized as low MVD and 30 as high MVD. The correlation between MVD and clinicopathologic features is shown in Table 1. High MVD was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis (P = 0.003).
Table 1 Correlation between MVD, COX-2 and VEGF expression and clinicopathologic parameters of gastric cancer.
Clinicopathologic features
n
MVD
VEGF
COX-2
Low MVD(n = 37)
High MVD(n = 30)
P
-(n = 16)
+~++(n = 51)
P
-(n = 16)
+~++(n = 51)
P
Gender
1.000
0.131
0.431
Male
54
30
24
15
39
14
40
Female
13
7
6
1
12
2
11
Age (yr)
1.000
0.820
0.820
< 55
31
17
14
7
24
7
24
≥ 55
36
20
16
9
27
9
27
Size of tumor (cm)
0.227
0.636
0.218
< 5
30
14
16
8
22
5
25
≥ 5
37
23
14
8
29
11
26
Lymph node metastasis
0.003
0.528
0.231
Yes
33
12
21
9
24
10
23
No
34
25
9
7
27
6
28
Depth of invasion
0.280
0.001
0.016
Mucosa and submucosa
9
3
6
6
3
5
4
Muscularis propria
58
34
24
10
48
11
47
TNM stage
0.280
0.342
0.342
I and II
58
34
24
15
43
15
43
III and IV
9
3
6
1
8
1
8
Multivariate survival analysis
Multivariate survival analysis showed that MVD value and lymph node metastasis were independent prognostic factors (Table 2). No other variables, including COX-2 and VEGF expression, were retained in the model or affected the magnitude of the hazard ratios of variables in the final model. Kaplan Meier curves for patients’ survival are shown in Figure 1. A significant difference in the overall survival rate was found between patients according to the MVD value (P < 0.001, comparison between low and high MVD).
Figure 1 Kaplan-Meier survival curve correlating disease specific survival with high microvessel density (MVD) or low MVD.
Table 2 Multivariate analysis of overall survival in gastric cancer.
Variable
Regressioncoefficient
Standarderror (SE)
Odds ratio(95% CI)
P
Microvessel density (MVD)
1.069
0.503
0.727-0.893
0.033
Lymph node metastasis
1.168
0.457
1.312-7.882
0.011
Expression of COX-2 and VEGF in gastric cancer tissues
Immunoreactivity of both COX-2 and VEGF proteins was found in the tumor epithelial cells within cytoplasm (Figure 2). However, occasionally normal epithelial cells in adjacent tissues of cancer showed little staining. Among the 67 gastric cancer samples, the positive rates of COX-2 and VEGF expression were 76.1% and 76.1%, significantly higher than those in the adjacent tissues. The expression of VEGF protein in well-differentiated adenocarcinoma was significantly higher than that in poorly-differentiated adenocarcinoma (P < 0.05). There was a statistical difference in the expression of COX-2 protein among well-, moderately- and poorly-differentiated adenocarcinomas (P < 0.05).
Figure 2 Immunohistochemical stainings of COX-2 (A, B), VEGF (C, D) and microvessels (E) in tissue sections obtained from gastric adenocarcinoma.
COX-2 was mainly expressed in the cytoplasm of cancer cells (brown staining; A × 100, B × 200). VEGF expression was restricted to the cytoplasm of cancer cells (brown staining; C × 100, D × 200). Microvessels were detected in gastric cancer tissues by immunostaining for factor VIII-related antigen (E × 100).
Correlation between COX-2 or VEGF expression and MVD
The correlation between COX-2 or VEGF expression and MVD is summarized in Table 3. The mean MVD value of COX-2 or VEGF positive tumors was higher than that of COX-2 or VEGF negative tumors.
Table 3 Relationship between expressions of VEGF, COX-2 and MVD of gastric cancer (mean ± SD).
Group
n
MVD
P
VEGF
0.008
–
16
20.14 ± 4.52
+~++
51
29.46 ± 8.28
COX-2
0.005
–
16
22.32 ± 3.80
+~++
51
29.88 ± 8.52
Association between COX-2 and VEGF expression
A significant correlation was found between the expression levels of COX-2 and VEGF (Table 4, r = 0.425, P < 0.001).
Table 4 Relationship between VEGF and COX-2 expression in gastric cancer.
VEGF
COX-2
r
P
–
+~++
–
9
7
0.425
< 0.001
+~++
7
44
Correlations of COX-2, VEGF expression with clinicopathologic parameters
The associations between COX-2 and VEGF expressions and the clinicopathologic parameters are shown in Table 1. The expression of both proteins in gastric cancer was significantly correlated with depth of invasion. There was no significant association between COX-2 and VEGF expression and patient gender, age, tumor size, lymph node metastasis, and TNM stage.
DISCUSSION
Folkman J and Shing Y[3] initiated a new field of research about tumor angiogenesis in 1971 and found that several factors take part in the process of angiogenesis. Tumor angiogenesis is now believed to be one of the most crucial steps in tumor growth and metastases[3-5]. Moreover, tumor angiogenesis which can be quantified by measurement of MVD is a significant negative prognostic factor[6-10]. In our study, when a mean MVD value was chosen as the cut-off point for discrimination of the study patients, high MVD was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis and poor survival. Multivariate survival analysis showed that MVD value and lymph node metastasis were independent prognostic factors for gastric cancer patients.
Tumor angiogenesis is controlled by a balance between angiogenic and angiostatic regulators involved in multiple pathways that result in endothelial proliferation, differentiation and organization into a functional network of vascular channels[3-5]. Among the reported angiogenic factors[11-14], VEGF (a key factor for induction of tumor angiogenesis) is increased in various human tumors, often correlating with higher MVD[15-17]. In our study, VEGF was over-expressed in gastric cancer tissues. We found that VEGF expression was associated with the histologic types of gastric cancer and depth of invasion. The results suggest that VEGF might be mainly involved in the progression of gastric carcinoma. The mean MVD value of VEGF positive tumors was significantly higher than that of VEGF negative tumors, suggesting that VEGF may facilitate tumor progression by promoting tumor angiogenesis.
Epidemiologic studies indicate that use of aspirin and other non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), with COX being their major target, decreases the incidence and mortality of colorectal, gastric, and esophageal cancers[23-26]. The expression of COX-2 mRNA and protein is elevated in various human malignancies, which may play a critical role in the development of cancer[27-30]. Our study showed that the positive rate of COX-2 expression in human gastric cancers was significantly higher than that in the matched normal gastric tissue. COX-2 expression was associated with the degree of tumor cell differentiation and depth of invasion, but not with survival. These results suggest that over-expression of COX-2 plays an important role in the development of human gastric cancer, but cannot predicate the outcome in individual cases.
The contributions of COX-2 to tumor angiogenesis include: increasing expression of VEGF, producing of prostaglandin E (PGE) 2 and prostaglandin I (PGI) 2 that can directly stimulate endothelial cell migration and growth factor-induced angiogenesis, and inhibiting endothelial cell apoptosis by stimulation of Bcl-2 or Akt activation[31,32]. In our present study, COX-2 expression was significantly associated with that of VEGF. The mean MVD value of COX-2 or VEGF positive tumors was higher than that of COX-2 or VEGF negative tumors, which is in agreement with previous reports[33,34]. These data strongly suggest that COX-2 and VEGF may be partly responsible for the important process of angiogenesis in the development of human gastric cancer, and VEGF plays the main role in COX-2 stimulated angiogenesis. However, there still exist some other pathways, which also participate in COX-2-induced angiogenesis.
In conclusion, high MVD is significantly associated with lymph node metastasis and poor survival. MVD value and lymph node metastasis are independent prognostic factors for gastric cancer patients. Expression of COX-2 and VEGF is closely correlated to the depth of invasion, and leads to increased angiogenesis, which may be the mechanisms underlying the contribution of COX-2 to the development of gastric cancer. VEGF might play a main role in the COX-2 angiogenic pathway. Inhibition of angiogenesis or COX-2, VEGF activity may have an important therapeutic benefit in the control of gastric cancer.
COMMENTS
Background
Gastric cancer is one of the most frequent and lethal malignancies worldwide, especially in Eastern Asia including China, and the 5-year survival rate is only about 20%. To date, the treatment outcome of this common malignancy is still not satisfactory. One major difficulty in the diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer is that only a few prognostic indicators can predict its clinical behavior.
Research frontiers
Tumor angiogenesis plays a central role in cancer cell survival, local tumor growth, and development of distant metastasis, which can be assessed by the MVD. The degree of intratumoral MVD is thought to influence tumor metastasis and consequently prognosis in various human cancers, including gastric cancer. Additionally, tumor MVD is associated with COX-2 and VEGF expression.
Applications
The present work suggests that high MVD is significantly associated with lymph node metastasis and poor survival. MVD value and lymph node metastasis are two independent prognostic factors for gastric cancer patients. Expression of COX-2 and VEGF is closely correlated to the depth of invasion, and leads to increased angiogenesis, which may be the mechanisms underlying the development of gastric cancer. VEGF might play a main role in the COX-2 angiogenic pathway. Inhibition of angiogenesis or COX-2, VEGF activity may have an important therapeutic benefit in the control of gastric cancer.
Peer review
This is a well-written and carefully performed study. The title, results and discussion are clear. The abstract and introduction are well-organized.
Footnotes
S- Editor Wang GP L- Editor Wang XL E- Editor Bi L
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