Helicobacter infection in hepatocellular carcinoma tissue

Abstract

AIM: To investigate whether Helicobacter species (Helicobacter spp.) could be detected in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissue.

METHODS: Liver samples from 28 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) diagnosed by histopa-thology were studied. Twenty-two patients with other liver diseases (5 with liver trauma, 7 with cavernous liver hemangioma, 6 with liver cyst and 4 with hepatolithiasis), 25 patients with gastric cancer, 15 with colonic cancer and 15 with myoma of uterus served as controls. Two pieces of biopsy were obtained from each patient. One was cultured for Helicobacter spp. and extraction of DNA, the other was prepared for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and in situ hybridization. The samples were cultured on Columbia agar plates with microaerobic techniques. Helicobacter spp. in biopsy from the studied subjects was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with Helicobacter spp. 16S rRNA primers. Amplified products were identified by Southern hybridization and sequenced further. Besides, other genes (vacA, cagA) specific for Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) were also detected by PCR. Helicobacter spp. in biopsies was observed by SEM. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed to identify the cultured positive Helicobacter spp. The presence of Helicobacter spp. was detected by in situ hybridization to confirm the type of Helicobacter.

RESULTS: The positive rate of Helicobacter cultured in HCC and gastric cancer tissue was 10.7% (3/28) and 24%(6/25), respectively. Helicobacter microorganisms were identified further by typical appearance on Gram staining, positive urease test and characteristic colony morphology on TEM. The bacterium was observed in adjacent hepatocytes of the two HCC samples by SEM. The number of cocci was greater than that of bacilli. The bacterium was also found in four gastric cancer samples. PCR showed that the positive rate of HCC and gastric cancer samples was 60.7% and 72% respectively, while the controls were negative (P < 0.01). The PCR-amplified products were identified by Southern hybridization and sequenced. The homology to 16S rRNA of H pylori was 97.80%. The samples were verified by in situ hybridization for Helicobacter spp. 16S rRNA-mRNA and proved to be H pylori positive. There was no statistical significance between HCC and gastric cancer (P > 0.05), but the positive rate of HCC and controls had statistical significance (P < 0.01). Only 3 HCC samples and 2 gastric cancer samples of the cagA genes were detected. None of the samples reacted with primers for vacA in the two groups. As for the genotype of H pylori, type II had preference over type I.

CONCLUSION: Helicobacter infection exists in liver tissues of HCC patients. Helicobacter spp. infection is related with HCC, which needs further research.

Key Words: Hepatocellular carcinoma; Helicobacter infection

INTRODUCTION

The profound impact of HCC on human health is known worldwide[1]. In China, the death rate ranks the third in malignant tumors. Persistent hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and aflatoxins are the main causes of HCC[2]. The real risk factors for HCC may be far more than the known causes. A new infectious agent, Helicobacter hepaticus (H hepaticus) causing chronic active hepatitis and associated liver tumors has been described by Ward et al[3]. Recently, other Helicobacter species (Helicobacter spp.), including H pylori and other bacteria associated with the pathogenesis of gastric[4-7] and extradigestive manifestations[8,9], have been detected in the liver of patients suffering from cholestatic diseases and HCC arising from non-cirrhotic liver[10,11]. We have previously reported a high frequency of Helicobacter spp. in the liver of patients with HCC[12]. Helicobacter spp. DNAs have been detected in paraffin-embedded tissue sections of HCC by PCR[13]. Whether Helicobacter spp. promotes liver tumors or acts as a cofactor in the process of carcinogenesis in humans with hepatitis virus needs further research. This study was to determine whether Helicobacter spp. could be detected in HCC tissue and to investigate the potential significance of Helicobacter in HCC carcinogenesis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Samples

All samples were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80°C before testing. Liver samples from 28 patients with HCC (25 males, 3 females, mean age 54 years) were studied. Twenty patients (18 males, 4 females, mean age 48 years) with other liver diseases (5 with liver trauma, 7 with cavernous liver hemangioma, 6 with liver cyst and 4 with hepatolithiasis), 25 with gastric cancer (20 males, 5 females, mean age 61 years), 15 with colonic carcinoma (9 males, 6 females, mean age 55 years) and 15 with myoma of uterus (mean age 49 years) served as controls. Two pieces of biopsy were obtained from each patient, one was cultured for Helicobacter spp. and extraction of DNA, the other was prepared for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and in situ hybridization.

Germ culture

To culture Helicobacter spp., the diluted homogenates of biopsy specimens were smeared on the surface of Columbia agar plates (Oxoid Company, France) supplemented with 7% sheep erythrocytes, 6 μg/mL vancomycin, 2 μg/mL amphotericin B and 0.32 μg/mLpolymyxin B. The plates placed in an anaerobic jar together with a GENbox microaer paper sachet (Biomerieux, Marcy l’Etoile, France) were incubated to generate a microaerophilic environment containing 5 mL/L oxygen, 10 mL/L CO₂, and 85 mL/L N₂), then the biopsy specimens were incubated at 37°C for 7 d under a humid condition. Helicobacter colonies were identified further by their typical morphology, characteristic appearance on Gram staining, positive urease test. PCR was performed to examine the 16S rRNA, cagA and vacA genes of Helicobacter spp. The PCR products were sequenced.

Detection of 16S rRNA, vacA and cagA genes

Approximately 5 mm × 5 mm × 5 mm of tissue was cut and lysed in 0.25% pancreatic RNase, 0.2% collagen enzyme and 0.1 mg/mL proteinase K (Sigma, St Louis). The proteins were extracted with phenol:chloroform, and the genomic DNA was recovered by precipitation with ethanol. Initially, the samples were amplified by Helicobacter spp. 16S rRNA primers as previously described[13]: sense primer: 5’-AAC GAT GAA GCT TCT TCT AGC TTG CTA G-3’ (28 bp); antisense primer: 5’-GTG CTT ATT CGT TAG ATA CCG TCA T-3’ (25 bp) (Shanghai BioAsia Biotechnology Co., Ltd, China). The forward and reverse primer amplified a product of approximately 400 bp. Thirty-five cycles of amplification were performed, each consisting of an initial denaturation at 94 °C for 4 min, followed by denaturation at 94°C for 1 min, primer annealing at 55 °C for 1.5 min, extension at 72 °C for 2 min, and a final extension step at 72 °C for 10 min. H pylori (NCTC11637) was used as the positive control and double-distilled water was used as the negative control. The samples generated a positive result in Helicobacter spp. PCR was subsequently performed with another two different sets of primers. A primer pair amplifying a 352-bp product, based on the partial DNA sequence of a species-specific gene encoding vacA of H pylori was previously described elsewhere[14]. Primers based on cagA, amplifying a 297-bp product, were used as previously described [15], including sense primer: 5’-GGA GCC CCA GGA AAC ATT G-3’；antisense primer: 5’-CAT AAC TAG CGC CTT GCA C-3’; sense primer: 5’-ATA ATG CTA AAT TAG ACA ACT TGA GCG A-3’; antisense primer: 5’-TTA GAA TAA TCA ACA AAC ATC ACG CCA T-3’. The vacA and cagA genes of H pylori ( NCTC11637) were used as the positive control and double-distilled water was used as the negative control.

Southern hybridization

In order to prove the characteristics of Helicobacter spp. 16S rRNA, Southern hybridization was carried out using probes for Helicobacter spp., H pylori, H hepaticus, and H fennellia (Beijing AoKe Biotechnology Co. Ltd, China). These probes were designed using Battle software: Helicobacter spp. 16S rRNA-cDNA probes: 5’-CGC CGC GTG GAG GAG GAT GAA GGT TTT AGG ATT GTA-3’ (36bp): H pylori 16S rRNA-cDNA probes: 5’-GAG GGC TTA GTC TCT-3’ (15bp); H hepaticus 16S rRNA-cDNA probes: 5’-CCT TGC TTG TCA GGG -3’ (15bp); and H fennellia 16S rRNA-cDNA probets: 5’-CCT TGC TTG ACA GGG-3’(15bp). Hybridization was performed by the above-mentioned probes using the digoxygenin DNA labeling kit (Boehringer Mannheim Company) according to the manufacturer’s instructions, then the PCR products were transferred to a nylon membrane (Amersham, Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom) with the capillary blotting technique. The membrane was prehybridized, hybridized, then anti-digoxin (1:5000) and CSPD were added. The bound probes were finally detected by autoradiography after 2 h at room temperature (Kodak Scientific Imaging Film, XK-1 REF 6535009, Rochester, New York).

Sequence analysis of PCR products

The PCR products were purified from agarose gels by the JETsorb DNA extraction kit (Genomed, GmbH, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany). The purified products were sequenced and analysed (Dalian Bao biotechnology Co., Ltd, China). The sequences were compared with the known 16S rRNA of Helicobacter spp. and the other bacteria using the GenBank.

Scanning microscopy and in situ hybridization

The appropriate specimens were examined by SEM (JEOL JSM-840). For each hybridization reaction, the biopsy specimens were frozen, cut into 4 µm thick sections using a cryomicrotome (Leica, Wetzlar, Germany) and placed on glass slides. The slides were placed in 4% polyformaldehyde for 20 min, washed and treated with proteinase K (100 µg/mL) at 37°C for 30 min, washed again and marinated with 0.2% glycin for 10 min, and finally washed with 2 × SSC for 5 min. The sections were covered with 20 µL of 4 kinds of probes mentioned above. The slides were then hybridized overnight at 60 °C in a humid chamber and washed with SSC. The sections were incubated in protein blocking buffer. After washed, the slides were incubated with anti-digoxin-alkaline phosphatases complex (1:3000) for 1 h at 37 °C and marinated with buffer. After marinated, the slides were counterstained with DAPI overnight, marinated with double-distilled water for 5 min, dehydrated in a graded series of ethanol, hyalined with xylene, covered with balata and observed under microscope.

Statistical analysis

The results of PCR and hybridization were analyzed. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

Characteristics of germ culture

Helicobacter microorganisms were identified by typical appearance on Gram staining, positive urease test and characteristic colony morphology on TEM. After cultured for 48 h, the small and grey colonies were detected in Columbia agar plates, and the mean colony diameter was 1 mm. Helicobacter was cultured in 3 HCC and 6 gastric cancer tissue specimens. The positive rate was 10.7% and 24%, respectively. The bacterium was positive in urease test. TEM showed that the bacterium could be divided into two types, one was bacillus with flagellum, the other was coccus with flagellum. All the flagelli were located in one side.

Scanning microscopy

The cocci were observed by SEM in adjacent hepatocytes of 28 HCC samples, and the mean diameter cocci was 0.7 - 0.8 μm (Figure 1). In the 25 gastric cancer samples, 4 were found to have spiral-shaped bacteria (2.0-4.0 μm in length and 0.5-1.0 μm in width). The spiral-shaped bacteria partly adhered to the surface of gastric epithelial cells (Figure 2).

Figure 1 Cocci in adjacent hepatocytes (SEM × 5000).

Figure 2 Spiral-shaped bacteria in vicinity of pit cell lineage (SEM × 10 000).

PCR of 16S rRNA,vacA and cagA

The positive rate of HCC and gastric cancer tissue samples was 60.7% and 72%, whereas no sample was positive in the other groups. The size of PCR products corresponded to the expected 400 bp (Figure 3). The positive rate of HCC and gastric cancer tissue samples had no significant difference (P >0.05). Amplified products were identified by Southern hybridization. Besides, the other genes (vacA, cagA) specific for H pylori were also detected. The sizes of PCR fragments generated with the vacA (352 bp) and cagA primers (297 bp) corresponded to the expected sizes. The cagA gene was detected only in 3 HCC and 2 gastric cancer samples (Figure 4). None of the samples reacted with primers for vacA in the two groups.

Figure 3 Analysis of Helicobacter spp. PCR products from HCC samples. The 400-bp fragments were analyzed by 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis. Lane M: nucleotide marker; lane 1: negative control (double-distilled water); lane 2: positive control (H pylori DNA); Lanes 3, 4, 6: positive samples.

Figure 4 Analysis of vacA and cagA PCR products from HCC samples. The 352-bp and 297-bp fragments were analyzed by 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis. Lane M: nucleotide marker; lane 1: positive control (cagA DNA); lane 2: positive control (vacA DNA); Lanes 3, 4: cagA positive samples; lane 5: negative control (double-distilled water).

Sequence analysis and in situ hybridization

The amplified products were sequenced (Figure 5) and compared with Helicobacter spp. The Helicobacter spp. searched from the GenBank, includeed H hepaticus, H bilis, H felis, H canis, H muridarum, H mustelae, H nemestrine, H fennelliae, H cinaedi, H acinoyx (Figure 6). The homology of base pair and amino acid sequence was 97.8% between the amplified products and H pylori and 80.9% in H fennelliae.

Figure 5 Sequencing results of 16S rRNA in helicobacter genus-positive products from HCC.

Figure 6 Genic phylogenetic tree of Helicobacter spp. and deduced protein.

In situ hybridization showed that Helicobacter spp. 16S rRNA-mRNA was positive in 17 patients with HCCwith a positive rate of 60.7%. The black-brown granules distributed in cholangioles of hepatocytes were positive hybridization signal. The positive signal was also found in intracellular fluid close to the hepatocyte membrance. All the granules were dispersedly distributed. The number of granules was not different in carcinoma and its adjacent tissues. Seventeen patients with gastric cancer were positive and the positive rate was 68%. The positive granules residing within the epithelium plasma membrane were symmetrically distributed and the number of the granules was not different in carcinoma and its adjacent tissues. Helicobacter spp. was negative in patients with colonic cancer (except for one case) and in those with other liver diseases and myoma of uterus.

The positive rate of Helicobacter spp. 16S rRNA-mRNA was comparable in HCC and gastric cancer patients with no statistical significance (P > 0.05). When HCC and gastric cancer patients were compared with those with other liver diseases, there was a statistical significance(P ＜ 0.01, Table 1).

Table 1 Helicobacter detection by different probes.

		cDNA	probes
Group	Helicobacter spp.	H pylori	H hepaticus	H fennellia	P
HCC	17/28	17/28	0	0
Gastric cancer	17/25	17/25	0	0	0.40a
Other liver diseases	0/22	0	0	0	0
Colonic cancer	1/15	1	0	0	0
Myoma of uterus	0/15	0	0	0	0

^aP > 0.05 vs HCC group and gastric cancer group.

In order to confirm the type of Helicobacter, the probes for H pylori, H hepaticus and H fennellia were used to detect the positive samples of Helicobacter spp. 16S rRNA-mRNA by in situ hybridization. The result revealed that the hybri-dization by H pylori probe was consistent with that by Helicobacter spp. probe. The positive rate was 60.7% in HCC patients and 68% in gastric cancer patients while being negative in patients with other liver diseases.

DISCUSSION

H pylori is one of the most common bacteria worldwide found in more than 50% of human population[16]. The presence of H pylori is the main cause of several gastroduodenal diseases, including peptic ulcer[4,6], gastric cancer[17], and gastric MALT lymphoma[18], and has been designated as class I carcinogen by the World Health Organization[19]. Chronic H pylori or Helicobacter spp. infection is related with a variety of extragastric diseases, including ischaemic heart disease, liver disease, skin disease, blood disorder and others[8]. The relationship between Helicobacter spp. infection and liver disease in humans needs to be further studied. Fan et al[20] demonstrated that the seroprevalence of H pylori is high in Chinese patients with HBV-related chronic hepatitis. Experimental infection with H hepaticus in mice causes chronic hepatitis and HCC[3]. Thus H hepaticus infection of mice provides a uniquely valuable animal model for exploring the mechanisms underlying liver cancer[21]. Avenaud et al[11] have demonstrated the presence of genomic sequences of Helicobacter spp. in patients with HCC. Ponzetto et al[22] reported that the cagA gene can be obtained from liver tissue of cirrhotic patients with HCC. By PCR, hybridization and partial DNA sequencing, Nilsson et al[10] found that Helicobacter genus-specific primers are positive in patients with PBC or PSC. Furthermore, the gene sequence obtained from positive PCR of Helicobacter spp. 16S rRNA is usually analogous to H pylori. Helicobacter spp. has been successfully cultured in liver samples from patients with Wilson’s disease by Queiroz and Santos[23]. The isolate is closely related to H pylori by biochemical and 16S rRNA analysis. There is evidence that hepatobiliary Helicobacter spp. may exist in liver of severe HCV-infected and HCC patients[19]. High rates of human HCC are reported in Southeast Asia, which are caused by hepatobiliary Helicobacter spp. and other environmental agents[24]. Pellicano et al[25] reported that the presence of genomic sequences of H pylori is infrequent in patients who have undergone surgery for metastasis of colon cancer to the liver. In contrast, the presence of genome of Helicobacter spp. is higher in patients with HCV-related cirrhosis and HCC. Huang et al[26] reported that Helicobacter spp. 16S rDNA can be found in patients with primary liver carcinoma. Verhoef et al[27] found that gastric colonization with a specific subset of Helicobacter strains is associated with the induction of HCC, either directly via colonization of the liver or indirectly via secretion of specific toxins by Helicobacter residing in the stomach. Rocha et al[28] reported that the presence of Helicobacter species DNA in liver is associated with hepatitis C. These observations prompted us to explore a possible association between Helicobacter spp. and HCC in Chinese patients.

In this study, the relationship between Helicobacter spp. and HCC was investigated by isolation and culture of strains from biopsies, electron microscope, PCR, hybridization techniques and partial DNA sequencing assay. The potential significance of Helicobacter spp. in HCC carcinogenesis was investigated. Helicobacter spp. was 10.7% (3/28) and 24% (6/25) cultured in HCC and gastric cancer tissue samples, respectively. Helicobacter microorganisms were identified by their typical appearance on Gram staining, positive urease test and characteristic colony morphology on transmitting electron microscopy. The bacterium was observed by SEM in the adjacent hepatocytes of HCC samples. The number of cocci was greater than that of bacilli. Our study showed that Helicobacter spp. DNA could be found in liver tissue from 60.7% patients with HCC, which might be related to a variety of environmental factors, host characteristic bacteria virulence determinants, and the small size of samples. Eighteen of 25 (72%) liver samples from patients with gastric cancer were positive by PCR analysis using Helicobacter spp. primers. Patients with HCC and gastric cancer had a higher positivity with no statistical significance (P > 0.05), suggesting that Helicobacter spp. infection is closely related with diseases of the digestive system. Amplified products were identified by Southern hybridization, suggesting that Helicobacter spp. infection might occur in HCC patients. Sequencing showed that PCR-amplified products and H pylori had a 97.8% homology. To make sure that the bacteria was H pylori, the vacuolating cytotoxin gene A (vacA) and cytotoxin-associated gene A (cagA) specific for H pylori were also detected by PCR. H pylori can be divided into cagA⁺- H pylori and cagA^–-H pylori in clinical medicine, leading to a different result in gastrointestinal disease. CagA^–-H pylori usually colonizes the mucous gel or the apical epithelial surface, whereas cagA⁺- H pylori colonizes the immediate vicinity of epithelial cells or the intercellular spaces[29]. Strains possessing the cag pathogenicity island are more likely to cause disease rather than those lacking this locus[30]. The vacA and cagA help gastric epithelial cells to form vacuolation, injury, necrosis, ulcer, etc. H pylori strains possessing cagA are associated with the development of peptic ulcer, gastric cancer and extragastric diseases. Most of the strains could be divided into two major types. TypeIbacteria have the gene coding for cagA and express CagA and VacA. Type II bacteia do not express either cagA or vacA[11]. Therefore, the difference between typeIand type II bacteria is due to toxicity. In our study, the cagA gene was detected in only 3 HCC and 2 gastric cancer samples (Figure 4). None of the samples reacted with primers for vacA in the two groups. As for the genotype of H pylori, typeII bacteria have preference over typeI, which is consistent with the report of Avenaud et al[11].

To confirm the Helicobacter spp. distribution in HCC patients, Helicobacter spp. 16S rRNA-mRNA was detected by in situ hybridization with a positive rate of 60.7%, which was coincident with the result by PCR. Besides, the positive rate in gastric cancer patients was 68%. The positive granules residing within the epithelium plasma membrane were distributed symmetrically. Helicobacter spp. was negative in patients with colonic cancer except for one case and those with other liver diseases and myoma of uterus. The positive rate in HCC and gastric cancer patients had no statistical significance (P > 0.05). When HCC patients were compared with those with other liver diseases, there was no statistical significance (P ＜0.01).

In conclusion, Helicobacter spp. infection is related with diseases of the digestive system, especially HCC and gastric cancer. Further studies are needed to establish the role of H pylori in HCC.