Bone disorders in experimentally induced liver disease in growing rats

Abstract

AIM: To investigate the change of bone parameters in a new model of experimentally induced liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in growing rats.

METHODS: Fischer-344 rats (n = 55) were used. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄), phenobarbital (PB), and a single diethylnitrosamine (DEN) injection were used. Animals were killed at wk 8 and 16. Bone mineral content, femoral length, cortical index (quotient of cortical thickness and whole diameter) and ultimate bending load (F_max) of the femora were determined. The results in animals treated with DEN+PB+CCl₄ (DPC, n = 21) were compared to those in untreated animals (UNT, n = 14) and in control group treated only with DEN+PB (DP, n = 20).

RESULTS: Fatty liver and cirrhosis developed in each DPC-treated rat at wk 8 and HCC was presented at wk 16. No skeletal changes were found in this group at wk 8, but each parameter was lower (P<0.05 for each) at wk 16 in comparison to the control group. Neither fatty liver nor cirrhosis was observed in DP-treated animals at any time point. Femoral length and F_max values were higher (P<0.05 for both) in DP-treated animals at wk 8 compared to the UNT controls. However, no difference was found at wk 16.

CONCLUSION: Experimental liver cirrhosis and HCC are accompanied with inhibited skeletal growth, reduced bone mass, and decreased mechanical resistance in growing rats. Our results are in concordance with the data of other studies using different animal models. A novel finding is the transiently accelerated skeletal growth and bone strength after a 8-wk long phenobarbital treatment following diethylnitrosamine injection.

Key Words: Bone disorder; Bone mineral content; Mechanical resistance; Experimental liver cirrhosis; Growing rat

INTRODUCTION

Metabolic bone disease is a common complication of chronic liver diseases[1-4]. However, the pathogenesis is not fully understood and is scarcely investigated in an animal model. Both increased bone resorption[5-7] and decreased bone formation[8-11] have been described in chronic liver diseases. Decreased bone density[10] and impaired microarchitecture[12] are associated with increased fracture risk[13]. Though several methods are available to examine different aspects of bone metabolism, there is not a single test to define the quality of bones. We have investigated how the bone mineral content (BMC), cortical thickness, bone length, and mechanical loading capacity of femora were changed during the development of experimentally induced fatty liver, liver cirrhosis, and HCC in growing rats. No published data are available on simultaneous measurements of these parameters in growing rats. We used a new cirrhosis model in this study. Our results are in concordance with those of other studies. Novel finding is the transiently accelerated skeletal growth and bone strength after a 8-wk long phenobarbital treatment following diethylnitrosamine injection.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Animals and induction of liver diseases

A total of 60 male Fisher-344 rats, weighing 273.3±38.7 g, were included and 55 rats survived the study protocol. The animals were housed in steel cages (5 rats/cage) in an air-conditioned room with a relative humidity of 55%. Tap water and pelleted rodent chow (CRLT/N, Farmer Product Ltd, Hungary) were available ad libitum. The Animal Care and Use Committee of Semmelweis University, Faculty of Medicine approved all the animal procedures.

Fatty liver and liver cirrhosis were induced by the administration of CCl₄ (0.5 mL/kg body weight, dissolved in sunflower oil, administered thrice a week by intragastric tube) and phenobarbital (PB, phenobarbital-Na; Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA, tap water was replaced by 0.05% of PB-solution after a 12-h fasting, daily) throughout the 8-wk treatment following a single injection of diethylnitrosamine (DEN; Serva, Heidelberg, at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight, dissolved in 0.9% NaCl solution). HCC developed at wk 16 as described earlier[14]. Animals were killed at wk 8 and 16 under light ether-anesthesia (all animals were fasted for 24 h prior to killing).

Results in animals treated with DEN+PB+CCl₄ (group DPC, n = 21) were compared to those in untreated animals (group UNT, n = 14) and in control group treated only with DEN+PB (group DP, n = 20).

Biochemical tests

Serum bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) as well as albumin were measured using the Olympus AU600 autoanalyzer (Olympus Ltd, Japan).

Pathological investigation of liver

Livers were macroscopically and histologically investigated. Slices from the removed liver were fixed in 8% buffered formalin and embedded in paraplast. Picrosirius red, H&E, and PAS staining were used for histological examination[14]. Hepatic fibrosis, cirrhosis[15], and lesions[16] were classified according to the international recommendations.

Bone investigation

Partial carcass preparation was performed. The left rear limb was carefully dissected free from the iliac acetabulum with the head of the femur preserved. Then, the isolated femur was prepared by dissecting from the tibia along with the remaining muscles and ligaments and stored in saline-soaked gauze at -20 °C until further testing.

Radiological studies

Soft radiographs were performed using an X-ray imaging system (Siemens Mammomat 3000, Germany) with exposure at 25 kVp, 10 mAs on the femur. Femora were carefully positioned anteroposteriorly. Exposure period was 0.3 s. Exposed plates (Agfa, Germany) were analyzed using OSIRIS imaging software. Femoral length (mm) was measured and the values were validated by an aluminum phantom (1 mm in diameter). Each exposure included both the phantoms and the investigated bone. Cortical index was calculated: cortical thickness divided by the whole diameter at the mid-point of medial diaphysis.

Bone densitometry

Using an I-125 source (1 000 MBq initial activity from Nordion), a water-bath system (single photon absorption, SPA) device (NK364/A, Gamma Technical Corporation, Budapest, Hungary) was used to determine the BMC in mg/cm. A precise, replaceable and narrow collimator was made for the source holder for the in vitro animal experiments. Aluminum phantoms (Gamma Technical Corporation, Budapest, Hungary) were used for the calibration. The femora were fixed by sellotape on a water equivalent plastic sheet and then placed on the attenuation block. The attenuation block was 2 cm wide. BMC value was measured at the mid-point of the medial diaphysis.

Biomechanical testing

Biomechanical tests were carried out by a computer-controlled testing device (Zwick-020, Zwick, Ulm, Germany) using the whole bone specimens. The anteroposterior three-point bending test of the femoral shaft was performed as previously described[17]. The femur was placed on a testing bearer, and the distance between the supporting rods was fixed at 15.7 mm. Force was elicited by a rod at a constant deformation rate of 2 mm/min at a right angle to the anterior midpoint of the femoral midshaft. We determined the ultimate bending load of the whole bone specimen (F_max, N). The F_max was corrected by BMC (load/density, N/mg_/cm) and cortical index (described above, load/cortical index, N/mm/mm) of femoral midshafts avoiding the impact of BMC and cortical index on bone strength.

Statistical analysis

Mann-Whitney test was used for intergroup comparisons. Pearson’s parametric correlation test was applied for measuring the strength of a relationship between the two variables. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 10.0 for Windows (Chicago, IL, USA). Results were expressed as mean±SD.

RESULTS

Biochemical results, body weight, and liver histology

Serum parameters and body weight of UNT, DP- and DPC-treated rats are shown in Table 1. DPC-treated rats had elevated bilirubin, ALP, AST, and ALT (P<0.001 for each parameter) compared to UNT and DP-treated rats at wk 8. Serum albumin was decreased in DPC-treated animals at wk 8 compared to the other two groups (P<0.001). There were no differences in the laboratory values between the study groups at wk 16. No differences were found between DP-treated and UNT groups neither at wk 8 nor at wk 16.

Table 1 Serum parameters and body weight in UNT, DP-treated control and DPC-treated rats at wk 8 and 16 (mean±SD).

Parameter	UNT control	UNT control	DP control	DP control	DPC	DPC
	(wk 8)	(wk 16)	(wk 8)	(wk 16)	(wk 8)	(wk 16)
	n = 8	n = 6	n = 10	n = 10	n = 10	n = 11
Bilirubin (mmol/L)	1.8±1.2	2.1±1.3	1.85±0.9	0.88±0.3	48.14±66a	1.31±0.5
ALP (U/L)	735.7±89.3	619.5±96.3	493.9±52.3	402.8±80.2	1 354±1 108a	437.8±116.2
AST (U/L)	112.7±13.3	158.8±40.9	157.3±52.9	127.5±43.3	7 095±5 483a	115.8±15
ALT (U/L)	69.42±8.9	107.8±12.1	158.5±78.4	93.1±71.1	5 175±3 675a	81.54±17.9
Albumin (g/L)	32.85±0.4	34.66±1	33.6±2.2	37.4±1.2	27.8±3a	35.36±1.6
Body weight (g)	240.1±14.3	321.8±48.9	269.4±12.1	307.7±11.3	227.4±16.4	284.2±25.2

^aP<0.05 vs for comparison between DPC and both UNT and DP controls at wk 8.

Increased body weight was observed in UNT and DP-treated controls and DPC-treated rats from wk 8 to 16 (P<0.001). However, weight was reduced in DPC-treated in comparison to DP-treated group at wk 8 (P<0.001) and 16 (P = 0.016). DP-treated group had significantly higher body weight at wk 8 than UNT controls (P<0.001).

Liver histology showed inflammatory cell infiltrates, necrosis, fatty changes, regenerating nodules and cirrhosis in DPC-treated rats at wk 8 (10 out of 10 rats). Neoplastic nodules were found in five samples. Cirrhosis and HCC (11 out of 11) developed in DPC-treated group at wk 16. Normal hepatic histology was found in all UNT and DP-treated control rats.

Bone length, cortical index, bone mineral content and ultimate bending load of the femora

The femoral length increased in each group from wk 8 to 16 (Table 2, Figure 1A). However, animals treated with DPC had shorter femora than controls at wk 16. Femora were longer in DP-treated rats than in UNT controls at wk 8. Femoral length correlated with body weight (r = 0.824, P<0.001).

Figure 1 Mean±SD of femur length (A), cortical index of femoral midshaft (B), BMC of femur in mid-point of medial diaphysis (C), and ultimate bending load of femoral midshaft (D) in UNT, DP-treated control and DPC-treated rats at wk 8 and 16. A: ¹P = 0.020, ²P = 0.002 vs DPC-16, ³P = 0.001 vs UNT-8, ^bP<0.001 vs UNT-8, ^dP<0.001 vs DP-8, ^fP<0.001 vs DPC-8; B: ⁴P = 0.018 vs UNT-8,⁵P = 0.013 vs DP-8, ⁶P = 0.004 vs DPC-16; C:⁷P = 0.001 vs DPC-16, ⁸P = 0.002 vs UNT-8, ⁹P = 0.016 vs DPC-16, ¹⁰P = 0.003 vs DP-8; D: ^hP<0.001 vs DPC-16, ^jP<0.001 vs UNT-8, ^lP<0.001 vs DPC-16, ⁿP<0.001 vs UNT-8.

Table 2 Femur length, cortical index, BMC, and ultimate bending load of femoral mid-diaphysis and corrected loading data for cortical index and BMC in UNT, DP-treated control and DPC-treated rats at wk 8 and 16 (mean±SD).

Parameter	UNT control	UNT control	DP control	DP control	DPC	DPC
	(wk 8)	(wk 16)	(wk 8)	(wk 16)	(wk 8)	(wk 16)
	n = 8	n = 6	n = 10	n = 10	n = 10	n = 11
Femur length(mm)	34.8±1.0	40.1±1.2	37.9±0.6	40.2±0.8	36.8±0.8	38.6±0.9
Cortical index (mm/mm)	0.277±0.026	0.325±0.029	0.287±0.015	0.33±0.018	0.285±0.021	0.286±0.036
BMC (mg/cm)	0.049±0.005	0.06±0.008	0.056±0.003	0.057±0.002	0.047±0.006	0.049±0.004
Femur Fmax (N)	88.3±14.3	123.2±13.0	111.8±7.9	118.5±6.02	93.8±5.41	96.5±12.6
Fmax/Cortical index (N/mm/mm)	328.7±53.4	382.6±62.5	390.4±32.4	359.8±24.25	331.1±35.4	339.9±46.5
Fmax/BMC (N/mg/cm)	1 796±239	2 049±95.2	2 000±124	2 075±114.6	2 019±195	1 961±115.9

Significant increases of cortical index were seen in both UNT and DP-treated control rats (Table 2, Figure 1B). At wk 16, cortical index was smaller in DPC-treated animals than in DP-treated rats. Poor but significant correlation was measured between cortical index and BMC (r = 0.362, P = 0.008).

BMC increased only in UNT control rats from wk 8 to 16, indicating the physiological bone mineralization (Table 2, Figure 1C). DPC-treated rats had lower BMC than DP-treated rats at wk 8. BMC was lower in DPC-treated animals than in UNT and DP-treated control rats at wk 16. Body weight strongly correlated with BMC (r = 0.748, P<0.001).

Ultimate bending load increased from wk 8 to 16 in UNT controls (Table 2, Figure 1D). F_max in DP-treated rats was greater than that in UNT rats at wk 8. At wk 16, F_max was smaller in DPC-treated rats than in both UNT and DP-treated controls. However, when we corrected the ultimate bending load by BMC or cortical index, no differences were found between the groups. Strong correlation was found between BMC and ultimate bending load (r = 0.842, P<0.001). Relationship was also found between F_max and cortical index (r = 0.548, P<0.001). F_max correlated with body weight (r = 0.758, P<0.001) and femoral length (r = 0.751, P<0.001).

DISCUSSION

Using a new model, we have found that bone disorders due to diethylnitrosamine, phenobarbital, and CCl₄ administration were characterized by decreased femoral length, reduced bone mass, and increased fragility after 16-wk long treatment in growing rats. Our findings on cortical bone mass are in concordance with other studies using different models of experimentally induced liver cirrhosis[18-21]. van der Merwe et al[22] found that the femoral length, the bone mass and the midshaft thickness were lower in CCl₄-treated rats after portosystemic shunting. Muguerza et al[23] found that the femoral density, the anteroposterior and lateromedial diameters and the ultimate bending load decreased in CCl₄-induced cirrhotic rats, but no significant differences were observed in the bone length. In our experiment, the age-dependent growth of femoral length, BMC and ultimate bending load were arrested as cirrhosis progressed and HCC developed. Tanaka et al[24] also found that longitudinal bone growth is reduced on the femora of rats with CCl₄-induced liver cirrhosis. Decreased bone mineral density has been observed in growing rats with liver cirrhosis induced by the administration of CCl₄ and phenobarbital[20].

In our study, DP-treated rats had longer femora and increased ultimate bending load than untreated control rats at wk 8, nevertheless BMC and cortical index did not differ from untreated controls. The stimulating skeletal effect of DP treatment at wk 8 might be caused by the enzyme inductor effect of phenobarbital. It is well known that phenobarbital induces not only xenobiotic-metabolizing cytochrome P450 (e.g. CYP2B1)[25] but also estrogen and vitamin D₃ synthesizer cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP19A1, CYP27A1 CYP27B1, CYP3A4, CYP2D)[26-28]. Therefore, the increased longitudinal bone growth and ultimate bending load in DP-treated rats may be the consequence of enhanced estrogen and vitamin D activation. However, the increase in ultimate bending load was stunted after 8 wk in DP-treated rats. It is possible that bone maturation has become adapted to the accelerated skeletal growth and mineralization after 8 wk. In DPC-treated rats, only a tendency towards both longitudinal bone growth and ultimate bending load was observed in comparison to untreated controls at wk 8, suggesting that the adverse skeletal effect of CCl₄ does not allow to reveal stimulating effect of phenobarbital.

The biochemical parameters of liver function showed serious inflammation in DPC-treated rats at wk 8 corresponding to the histology showing fatty liver and inflammatory cell accumulation beyond the regenerating nodules. The decrease in serum albumin level at wk 8 in DPC-treated rats indicates the reduced synthetic capacity of the liver. Though biochemical and histological symptoms of steatohepatitis were present, it had no detectable negative effect on bone mass, bone length, cortical index and ultimate bending load at this time point, which is in concordance with results of van der Merwe et al[22] who did not find detectable bone disease in early stage liver dysfunction. Similar to human liver diseases, longer time is needed for the development of metabolic bone disease. Biochemical and histological signs of inflammation ceased in DPC-treated rats at wk 16, while fibrosis, cirrhosis with regenerative nodules and HCC foci dominated the histological picture. However, femoral length, BMC and ultimate bending load were stunted at this time point, which is in concordance with results of Figueiredo et al[29]. The mechanism is complex. The high level of hyperbilirubinemia detected at wk 8 could be one of the factors, since bilirubin has a direct inhibitory effect on osteoblast proliferation[30].

Bone fractures depend not only on BMC but also on bone quality, size and shape[31-33]. The decrease of F_max at wk 16 clearly showed the altered bone metabolism. Since correlation was found between F_max and cortical index, femoral length and BMC and there was no difference in F_max/cortical index and F_max/BMC ratios between the different groups, the increased fragility should be the consequence of stunted longitudinal and cortical growth and arrested mineralization in growing rats with liver cirrhosis and HCC.

The mechanism by which liver cirrhosis arrests skeletal growth and influences other features of bone metabolism is not fully understood. Whether the bone alteration is caused by a direct toxic effect of the applied agents on bones or it is a secondary consequence of the experimentally induced liver cirrhosis remains unknown.

In conclusion, experimentally induced liver cirrhosis and HCC are accompanied with inhibited growth, reduced BMC and cortical index and decreased mechanical resistance in growing rats. Our results are in concordance with the data of other studies using different animal models. A novel finding is the transiently accelerated skeletal growth and bone strength after a 8-wk long phenobarbital treatment following diethylnitrosamine injection.