Artificial intelligence-aided optical biopsy improves the diagnosis of esophageal squamous neoplasm

Figure 1 Workflow diagram for the development of intelligent confocal laser endomicroscopy. iCLE: Intelligent confocal laser endomicroscopy; pCLE: Probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy.

Figure 2 Work interface of intelligent confocal laser endomicroscopy. The intelligent confocal laser endomicroscopy system could show the images of probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy with real-time artificial intelligence diagnosis, white-light endoscopy or narrow-band imaging, and the artificial intelligence diagnosis for each frame of the video.

Figure 3 Diagnosis of intelligent confocal laser endomicroscopy for esophageal lesions. A: A brownish lesion observed on narrow-band imaging (NBI); B: Probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (pCLE) image of inflammatory epithelium; Intelligent confocal laser endomicroscopy (iCLE) shows the diagnosis of non-neoplasm; C: The lesion shows Lugol-voiding on Lugol’s iodine chromoendoscopy (LCE) after the pCLE procedure; D: Another brownish lesion observed on NBI; E: PCLE image of esophageal squamous neoplasms with the squamous maturation score was 0; ICLE shows the diagnosis of neoplasm; F: Lugol-voiding observed on LCE.

Figure 4 Workflow diagram for the prospective validation of intelligent confocal laser endomicroscopy. ESN: Esophageal squamous neoplasms; iCLE: Intelligent confocal laser endomicroscopy; pCLE: Probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy.

Figure 5 Receiver operating characteristic curve for intelligent confocal laser endomicroscopy in the diagnosis of probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy images. ROC: Receiver operating characteristic curve; AUC: Area under curve.