Emerging role of exosomes in ulcerative colitis: Targeting NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasome

Figure 1 Canonical, non-canonical, and alternative modes of NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 activation. NLRP3: NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3; PAMPs: Pathogen-associated molecular patterns; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha; IL-1β: Interleukin-1β; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; GSDMD: Gasdermin D; LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; ASC: Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein; IL-18: Interleukin-18.

Figure 2 The processes of exosome biogenesis and release. MVB: Multivesicular bodies.

Figure 3 Inhibition of NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasome activation by stem cell-derived exosomes in ulcerative colitis. NLRP3: NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3; MVB: Multivesicular bodies; GSDMD: Gasdermin D.