Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase in pancreatic diseases: Mechanisms and future perspectives

Figure 1 The scheme of the potential roles of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen oxides in pancreatic acinar cells and macrophages, which leading the development of acute pancreatitis. NOX: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen oxides; AIF: Apoptosis inducing factor; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa-B; IL: Interleukin; TGF: Transforming growth factor; PDGF: Platelet-derived growth factor; PSC: Pancreatic stellate cell; DPI: Diphenylene iodium.

Figure 2 The scheme of the potential roles of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen oxides in pancreatic stellate cells and macrophages, which facilitating pancreatic fibrosis of chronic pancreatitis. NOX: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen oxides; AIF: Apoptosis inducing factor; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; TGF: Transforming growth; IL: Interleukin; JAK: Janus kinase; STAT: Signal transducer and activator of transcription; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase.

Figure 3 The scheme of the potential roles of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen oxides in pancreatic cancer. ASK: Apoptosis signal regulating kinase; TGF: Transforming growth; SIRT: Silent information regulator; NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa-B; ERK: Extracellular regulated protein kinases; SMAD: Drosophila mothers against decapentaplegic protein; NOX: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen oxides; AIF: Apoptosis inducing factor; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; EMT: Epithelial to mesenchymal transition.