Alterations in the gut microbiome after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in patients with hepatitis B virus-related portal hypertension

Figure 1 Flowchart depicting the enrolment of the patients in the present study. TIPS: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt; HE: Hepatic encephalopathy.

Figure 2 Alpha diversity of the hepatic encephalopathy and non-hepatic encephalopathy groups pre- and post-transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. HE: Hepatic encephalopathy.

Figure 3 Bray principal coordinate analysis showing the comparisons of beta diversity among the different groups. HE: Hepatic encephalopathy; PCoA: Principal coordinate analysis.

Figure 4 Bar plot showing the gut microbiota in the different groups at the phylum level. HE: Hepatic encephalopathy.

Figure 5 Comparison of the gut microbiota between the hepatic encephalopathy and non-hepatic encephalopathy groups (at the phylum level) before and after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt placement. A: Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) group and non-HE group before transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS); B: HE group before and after TIPS; C: Non-HE group before and after TIPS; D: HE group and non-HE group after TIPS. HE: Hepatic encephalopathy.

Figure 6 Comparison of the gut microbiota between the hepatic encephalopathy and non-hepatic encephalopathy groups (at the genus level) before and after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt placement. A: Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) group and non-HE group before transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS); B: HE group before and after TIPS; C: Non-HE group before and after TIPS; D: HE group and non-HE group after TIPS. ^aP < 0.001, ^bP < 0.01, ^cP < 0.05. HE: Hepatic encephalopathy.

Figure 7 Use of linear discriminant analysis effect size for the analysis of gut microbial alterations in the different groups. A: Linear discriminant analysis score; B: Cladogram. HE: Hepatic encephalopathy; LDA: Linear discriminant analysis.