Helicobacter pylori infection alters gastric microbiota structure and biological functions in patients with gastric ulcer or duodenal ulcer

Figure 1 Alpha diversity and beta diversity of patients with Helicobacter pylori-positive gastric ulcer or Helicobacter pylori-positive duodenal ulcer and healthy individuals. A: Chao1 index; B: Shannon index; C: Principal co-ordinates analysis; D: Analysis of similarities by Bray-Curtis distances among three groups. Group A: Patients with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)-positive gastric ulcer; group B: Patients with H. pylori-positive duodenal ulcer; group C: H. pylori-negative healthy individuals.

Figure 2 Microbial composition in patients with Helicobacter pylori-positive gastric ulcer or Helicobacter pylori-positive duodenal ulcer and healthy individuals. A: Relative abundance of top 20 phyla; B: Relative abundance of top 20 species relative; C: Relative abundance of differential bacteria among groups; D: Specific taxa that most likely contributed to the differences among groups. Group A: Patients with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)-positive gastric ulcer; group B: Patients with H. pylori-positive duodenal ulcer; group C: H. pylori-negative healthy individuals. LDA: Linear discriminant analysis.

Figure 3 Mucosal function of patients with Helicobacter pylori-positive gastric ulcer or Helicobacter pylori-positive duodenal ulcer and healthy individuals. A: Clustering heat map of functions of three groups; B: Differential functions of patients with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)-positive gastric ulcer (group A) by linear discriminant analysis effective size algorithm; C: Different functional genes of patients with H. pylori-positive gastric ulcer (group A) by linear discriminant analysis effective size algorithm. LDA: Linear discriminant analysis.