Laryngopharyngeal reflux disease: Updated examination of mechanisms, pathophysiology, treatment, and association with gastroesophageal reflux disease

Figure 1 Pathogenesis of laryngopharyngeal reflux. Laryngopharyngeal reflux disease is an inflammatory disease of the upper aerodigestive tract caused by reflux of gastroduodenal content. The stomach contents usually include gastric acid, nonacid substances, bile and pepsin. Reflux of the upper respiratory tract mainly involves the pharynx, larynx and nasal cavity.

Figure 2 Fibrolaryngoscopy diagnostic value for laryngopharyngeal reflux disease. Fibrolaryngoscopy showed granulations of the posterior wall of the nasopharynx and edema of the retrocricoid region, epiglottis erythema, and posterior commissure hypertrophy, and laryngeal erythema.