Paradoxical association between dyspepsia and autoimmune chronic atrophic gastritis: Insights into mechanisms, pathophysiology, and treatment options

Figure 1 Flow chart showing the process of study selection.

Figure 2 More common gastrointestinal symptoms seen in patients with autoimmune gastritis. GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease; GI: Gastrointestinal.

Figure 3 Possible diagnostic algorithm for dyspepsia or gastroesophageal reflux disease -like symptoms in autoimmune atrophic gastritis. A: Dyspeptic symptoms; B: Gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms. AIG: Autoimmune gastritis; EGDs: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy; GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease; GI: Gastrointestinal; H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori; PPIs: Proton pump inhibitors.

Figure 4 Therapeutic approaches for dyspeptic or with gastroesophageal reflux disease -like symptoms in patients with autoimmune gastritis. AIG: Autoimmune gastritis; G POEM: Gastric per-oral endoscopic myotomy; GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease.