Viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma: From molecular pathways to the role of clinical surveillance and antiviral treatment

Figure 1 Molecular pathways in hepatitis B virus and hepatitis D virus carcinogenesis. Created with BioRender.com. HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HDV: Hepatitis D virus; EGFR: Epidermal growth factor receptor; JTB: Jumping translocation breakpoint; HBsAg: Hepatitis B virus surface antigen; VEGFR: Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor; TGF: Transforming growth factor; PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; Akt: AKT serine/threonine kinase; RAS: Rat sarcoma virus gene; RAF: Rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma; mTOR: Mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; JAK: Janus kinase; STAT3: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; Smad3: Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3; lncRNA: Long non coding RNA; NF-kB: Nuclear factor-kappa B; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; HSP: Heat shock protein; ECSH1: Enoyl-CoA hydratase short chain 1; VDAC: Voltage dependent anion channel; CCND3: Cytoplasmatic Cyclin D3; RB: Retinoblastoma; Bcl2: B-cell lymphoma 2; Bax: Bcl2 associated X; ER: Endoplasmic reticulum; HIF: Hypoxia-inducible factor; AP: Activator protein; DDB: Damage specific DNA binding protein; Scm5/6: Structural maintenance of chromosomes 5/6; PCAF: P300/CBP-associated factor; TFIIH: Transcription factor II H.

Figure 2 Molecular pathways in hepatitis C virus carcinogenesis. Created with BioRender.com. HCV: Hepatitis C virus; EGFR: Epidermal growth factor receptor; WNT: Wingless-related integration site; TGF: Transforming growth factor; PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; Akt: AKT serine/threonine kinase; RAS: Rat sarcoma virus gene; RAF: Rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma; mTOR: Mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; JAK: Janus kinase; STAT3: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; Smad3: Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3; NS5A: Non-structural protein 5A; NF-kB: Nuclear factor-kappa B; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; RIG1: Retinoic acid-inducible gene 1; ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinases; NANOG: Nanog homeobox; ATM: Ataxia telangiectasia mutated; RB: Retinoblastoma; ER: Endoplasmic reticulum; DNMT1: DNA methyltransferase 1; TERT: Telomerase reverse transcriptase; DLC: Deleted in liver cancer; CK1/2: Casein kinase 1/2; GSK: Glycogen synthase kinase.