Fish oil alleviates liver injury induced by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion via AMPK/SIRT-1/autophagy pathway

Figure 1 Fish oil emulsion improves I/R induced liver and intestinal injury histopathologically. Pathologic changes of liver (A) and intestinal (B) tissues in different groups (mean ± SD, n = 8). ^bP < 0.01 vs sham group; ^dP < 0.01 vs I/R group.

Figure 2 Alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase (A) as well as TNF-α and liver MDA levels (B) in different groups (mean ± SD, n = 8). ^bP < 0.01 vs sham group; ^dP < 0.01 vs I/R group.

Figure 3 Western blot analysis of liver autophagy (LC3 II, Beclin-1, and P62) levels in different groups (mean ± SD, n = 8). ^bP < 0.01 vs sham group; ^dP < 0.01 vs I/R group.

Figure 4 Western blot analysis (A) of liver p-AMPKα1/AMPKα1 and qRT-PCR analysis (B) of liver AMPK expression in different groups (mean ± SD, n = 8). ^bP < 0.01 vs sham group; ^cP < 0.05, ^dP < 0.01 vs I/R group.

Figure 5 p-AMPK, AMPK, SIRT-1, Beclin-1, TNF-α, and MDA expression in HepG2 cells challenged with LPS, LPS + FO, LPS + FO + siAMPK, or LPS + FO + siSIRT-1 (mean ± SD, n = 3). ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01 vs control; ^cP < 0.05 vs FO.

Figure 6 Schematic representation of the novel potential protective mechanism of fish oil in liver injury induced by intestinal I/R through the AMPK/SIRT-1/autophagy pathway.