Basic Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2018.
World J Gastroenterol. Dec 28, 2018; 24(48): 5505-5524
Published online Dec 28, 2018. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i48.5505
Figure 1
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Figure 1 Polygonatum kingianum. A: Whole plant photograph of Polygonatum kingianum (P. kingianum); B: Rhizome of P. kingianum, which represents the medicinal part of this plant used in this study.
Figure 2
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Figure 2 Workflow of the integrated untargeted metabolomic method based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of serum, urine and liver samples. UHPLC/MS: Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry.
Figure 3
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Figure 3 Representative total ion current profiles of serum samples in the negative (I) and positive (II) ion modes. A: Control group; B: Model group; and C: Polygonatum kingianum group.
Figure 4
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Figure 4 Representative total ion current profiles of urine samples in the negative (I) and positive (II) ion modes. A: Control group; B: Model group; and C: Polygonatum kingianum group.
Figure 5
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Figure 5 Representative total ion current profiles of liver samples in the negative (I) and positive (II) ion modes. A: Control group; B: Model group; and C: Polygonatum kingianum group.
Figure 6
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Figure 6 Multivariate statistical analysis of serum samples from model and Polygonatum kingianum groups in the negative (I) and positive (II) ion modes. A: Principal components analysis score plots; B: Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis score plots; C: S-plot loading diagram. PK: Polygonatum kingianum.
Figure 7
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Figure 7 Multivariate statistical analysis of urine samples from model and Polygonatum kingianum groups in the negative (I) and positive (II) ion modes. A: Principal components analysis score plots; B: Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis score plots; C: S-plot loading diagram. PK: Polygonatum kingianum.
Figure 8
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Figure 8 Multivariate statistical analysis of liver samples from model and Polygonatum kingianum groups in the negative (I) and positive (II) ion modes. A: Principal components analysis score plots; B: Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis score plots; C: S-plot loading diagram. PK: Polygonatum kingianum.
Figure 9
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Figure 9 Analysis of metabolic pathways in serum (A), urine (B) and liver (C) samples. a: Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis; b: Phenylalanine metabolism; c: Valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis; d: Starch and sucrose metabolism; e: Glycerophospholipid metabolism; f: Tryptophan metabolism; g: Tyrosine metabolism; h: Arachidonic acid metabolism; i: Arachidonic acid metabolism; j: Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis; k: Linoleic acid metabolism; l: Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism; m: Sphingolipid metabolism; n: Tryptophan metabolism; and o: Tyrosine metabolism.
Figure 10
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Figure 10 Metabolic pathway map of potential biomarkers. The red and blue font represents potential biomarkers that were up- and down-regulated by Polygonatum kingianum treatment, respectively. The blue, black and green box represents amino acid, sugar and lipid metabolism, respectively. A: Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, and phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism; B: Tryptophan metabolism; C: Valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis; D: Starch and sucrose metabolism; E: Glycerophospholipid metabolism; F: Arachidonic acid metabolism; G: Linoleic acid metabolism; H: Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism; and I: Sphingolipid metabolism. TCA: Tricarboxylic acid.