Anemia and iron deficiency in gastrointestinal and liver conditions

Figure 1 Pathogenic mechanisms proposed to be involved in the association of iron deficiency anemia and Helicobacter pylori infection[63].

Figure 2 Role of iron in essential cellular functions[178].

Figure 3 Suggested approach for the assessment and treatment of iron deficiency/iron deficiency anemia in clinical practice. ¹In patients with inflammation, ferritin levels < 100 ng/mL should be considered as iron-deficient; ²Hb increase < 2 g/dL in 4 wk. Stein et al[6]. CHr: Hemoglobin content of reticulocytes; CRP: C-reactive protein; ESA: Erythropoiesis-stimulating agent; Hb: Hemoglobin; %HYPO: Percent hypochromic red blood cells; ID: Iron deficiency; IDA: Iron deficiency anemia; TSAT: Transferrin saturation.