Relationships among alcoholic liver disease, antioxidants, and antioxidant enzymes

Figure 1 Oxidative stress-stimulating signaling pathways. The oval with the gray indicates the start point; gray boxes indicate consequences; other boxes indicate key substances. ARE: Antioxidant responsive element; FoxO3: Forkhead winged-helix box class O3 transcription factor; HO-1: Heme oxygenase-1; Keap1: Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1; LR: Laminin receptor; MAPK: Mitogen-activating protein kinase; Nrf2: NF-E2-related factor-2; PGC-1α: Peroxisome proliferator-activated responsive element γ coactivator-1α; PKC: Protein kinase C; PP: Protein phosphatase; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; Sirt1: Sirtuin 1; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; Trx: Thioredoxin.

Figure 2 Structures of representative plant antioxidants and their classification.

Figure 3 Potential multiple effects of crop components on alcoholic liver disease. LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; ROS: Reactive oxygen species.