Left ventricular function assessment in cirrhosis: Current methods and future directions

Figure 1 Ejection fraction determination using two-dimensional (biplane Simpson’s method - upper panel) and three-dimensional echocardiography (fully automated software - lower panel).

Figure 2 Left ventricular deformation analysis using speckle tracking echocardiography. Longitudinal (top panel) and circumferential (lower panel) strain curves are displayed.

Figure 3 Mitral inflow velocities using pulsed-wave Doppler showing a impaired relaxation pattern (top), and tissue-Doppler derived mitral annulus velocities at the septal wall (bottom).

Figure 4 Left atrial volume quantification using two-dimensional (biplane Simpson’s method - upper panel) and three-dimensional echocardiography (lower panel).

Figure 5 Left atrial deformation analysis using speckle tracking echocardiography. Reservoir, conduit and pump function of the left atrium during the cardiac cycle can be quantified from the strain curves.

Figure 6 Left ventricular deformation analysis using magnetic resonance feature tracking.