Kefir treatment ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in rats

Figure 1 Disease activity index according to groups.

Figure 2 Microscopic colitis scores according to groups. ^aP < 0.01 vs colitis group and kefir-colitis group; ^bP < 0.01 vs colitis group; ^cP < 0.05 vs kefir-colitis group.

Figure 3 Histologic images of rat colon. A: Normal control; B: Kefir-control, mild acute inflammation in Lamina propria; C: Colitis, extensive ulceration of the surface epithelium and crypt loss; D: Kefir-colitis, ulceration of the epithelial surface and crypt loss, mild inflammation, and moderate submucosal edema (HE, magnification × 100).

Figure 4 Colonic myeloperoxidase activities. ^aP < 0.05 vs colitis group. MPO: Myeloperoxidase.

Figure 5 Colonic tumor necrosis factor-α concentrations. ^aP < 0.01 vs kefir-colitis group. TNF: Tumor necrosis factor.

Figure 6 Interleukin-10 concentration in the colon. IL: Interleukin.

Figure 7 Malondialdehyde concentration in the colon. MDA: Malondialdehyde.

Figure 8 Inducible nitric oxide synthase expression. Western blot showing protein levels according to group.

Figure 9 Inducible nitric oxide synthase concentration according to groups. ^aP < 0.05 vs colitis group; ^bP < 0.05 vs colitis group.