Role of dietary polyphenols in the management of peptic ulcer

Figure 1 Structure of the most relevant polyphenol with a potential role for the management of peptic ulcer. A: Allylpyrocatechol; B: Catechin; C: Curcumin; D: Cyanidin; E: Chlorogenic acid; F: Ellagic acid; G: Epigallocatechin gallate; H: Gallic acid; I: Quercetin; J: Rutin; K: Resveratrol.

Figure 2 Potential cellular mechanisms of dietary polyphenols as preventive or therapeutic factors in the management of peptic ulcer. IL: Interleukin; NF: Nuclear factor; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinases; ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; GSH: Glutathione; GPx: Glutathione peroxidase; EGF: Epidermal growth factor; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; NO: Nitric oxide; vWF: Von Willebrand factor.

Figure 3 Summary of the possible biological mechanisms of dietary polyphenols in the management of Helicobacter pylori associated gastritis and gastroduodenal ulceration. TLR4: Toll like receptor; IL: Interleukin; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; NF: Nuclear factor.