Caustic injury of the upper gastrointestinal tract: A comprehensive review

Figure 1 Murine esophagus exposed for 10 min to control (A) and 10% NaOH (B). Reproduced from Osman et al[10].

Figure 2 Endoscopic ultrasound showing involvement of the muscularis propria of esophageal wall. Reproduced from Kamijo et al[37].

Figure 3 Computed tomography grading of esophageal caustic injuries. A: Grade 1; B: Grade 2; C: Grade 3; D: Grade 4. Reproduced from Ryu et al[40]. Arrows show the esophageal wall.

Figure 4 Significantly higher hazard of re-dilatation in patients submitted to late dilatation. P = 0.0008. Reproduced from Contini et al[97].