Side-stream smoking reduces intestinal inflammation and increases expression of tight junction proteins

Figure 1 Cecal microflora composition of Con and side-stream smoking mice. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01 vs control group (mean ± SEM; n = 6 per group).

Figure 2 NF-κB signaling pathway in large intestine of Con and side-stream smoking mice. A: Phos-p65 and p65; B: Phos-IκBa and IκBa; C: Phos-IKKα/β and IKKβ. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01 vs control group (mean ± SEM; n = 6 per group).

Figure 3 Xanthine oxidase, superoxide dismutase 1 and heat shock protein 60 content in large intestine of Con and side-stream smoking mice. ^bP < 0.01 vs control group (mean ± SEM; n = 6 per group). XO: Xanthine oxidase; SOD1: Superoxide dismutase 1; HSP60: Heat shock protein 60.

Figure 4 MAP kinase signaling pathways in large intestine of Con and side-stream smoking mice. A: JNK; B: MAP kinase p38. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01 vs control group (mean ± SEM; n = 6 per group).

Figure 5 Total AMP-activated protein kinase α subunit content and its phosphorylation at Thr 172 in large intestine of Con and side-stream smoking mice. ^bP < 0.01 vs control group (mean ± SEM; n = 6 per group). AMPK: Total AMP-activated protein kinase.

Figure 6 Tight junction protein content in large intestine of Con and side-stream smoking mice. A: mRNA expression; B: Protein content. ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01 vs control group (mean ± SEM; n = 6 per group).