Curcumin prevents indomethacin-induced gastropathy in rats

Figure 1 Hematoxylin-eosin stained stomach sections (× 200). A: The control group showed normal stomach histopathology; B: The indomethacin treated group showed gastric ulcer formation and infiltration of inflammatory cells; C: The curcumin treated group showed a reduced degree of gastric ulcer formation and inflammation.

Figure 2 Intravital microscopic (× 40) images of leukocyte adherence on vascular endothelium of postcapillary venules 10-15 min after acridine orange injection in the control group (A), IMN group (B), and IMN + Cur group (C). IMN: Indomethacin.

Figure 3 Serum intercellular adhesion molecule-1 levels in all groups. All data are expressed as mean ± SD. The mean intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 levels were significantly higher in the indomethacin treated group (IMN) when compared with the control group (^aP < 0.05). Pretreatment with curcumin significantly decreased ICAM-1 level when compared with indomethacin (^cP < 0.05). IMN: Indomethacin.

Figure 4 Serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha level in all groups. All data are expressed as mean ± SD. The mean of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels increased in the indomethacin treated group when compared with the control group (^aP = 0.009). Pretreatment with curcumin decreased serum of TNF-α when compared with indomethacin alone (^bP = 0.013). IMN: Indomethacin.