Gene therapy for type 1 diabetes mellitus in rats by gastrointestinal administration of chitosan nanoparticles containing human insulin gene

Figure 1 PCR of recombinant plasmid pCMV. Ins. Lane 1: PCMV.eGFP, lanes 2 and 8: Molecular marker, lane 3: Negative control, lane 4: Recombinant plasmid pCMV.Ins, lanes 5-7: Bacterial suspension.

Figure 2 Fasting blood glucose levels in each group after the normal saline treatment. ^bP < 0.01 vs naked chitosan group and normal saline group ( n = 10).

Figure 3 Plasma insulin levels in each group after transfection. ^bP < 0.01 vs naked chitosan group and normal saline group (n = 10).

Figure 4 Amplification results of GAPDH (A) and human insulin gene mRNA (B) in each group. Lane 1: Lavage group, lane 2: Coloclysis group, lane 3: Naked chitosan group, lane 4: Normal saline group, lane 5: Molecular marker.

Figure 5 Expression of human insulin in each group. Lane 1: Lavage group, lane 2: Coloclysis group, lane 3: Naked chitosan group, lane 4: Normal saline group, lane 5: Molecular marker.