Review of endoscopic techniques in the diagnosis and management of cholangiocarcinoma

Figure 1 Classification of cholangiocarcinoma. A: The classification of cholangiocarcinoma can be based on anatomic location, intrahepatic, hilar or extrahepatic; B: Nonhilar lesions can be described as mass-like, periductal or intraductal; C: Bismuth classification for hilar lesions.

Figure 2 Hilar lesion causing bilateral strictures at the bifurcation of the left and right hepatic ducts with proximal dilation.

Figure 3 A: Distal common bile duct lesion with proximal biliary dilation; B: Fine needle aspiration of common bile duct lesion; C: ERCP shows distal common bile duct stricture consistent with findings on EUS.

Figure 4 A: In this patient with a hilar mass, double stents were placed within the right and left hepatic systems to allow adequate drainage of contrast after cholangiogram was performed to decrease the risk of cholangitis; B: Endoscopic view of bilateral stents placed.