Iron overload and cofactors with special reference to alcohol, hepatitis C virus infection and steatosis/insulin resistance

Figure 1 Iron staining and immunohistochemical staining of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-modified protein (HNE-protein) adducts in human alcoholic liver disease. The localization of HNE-protein adducts and iron in hepatocytes appeared to be identical (from ref. 14 with some modifications).

Figure 2 Postulated schema of liver damage occurred by alcohol, HCV infection, obesity and insulin resistant. A common pathway through steatosis/oxidative stress may be responsible for the development of liver fibrosis and carcinogenesis by iron.