Nano-cerium-element-doped titanium dioxide induces apoptosis of Bel 7402 human hepatoma cells in the presence of visible light

Figure 1 XRD spectra of CDT calcined at 500°C for 3 h.

Figure 2 TEM of CDT.

Figure 3 UV-Vis reflectance spectra of pure nano-TiO₂ and CDT.

Figure 4 Fluorescence morphology of Bel 7402 cells treated with Ce (IV) doped nanometer titanium dioxide and stained with Hoechest 33 258. A: CDT 10 μg/cm³, without light irradiation, × 200; B: Light irradiation, × 200; C: CDT (10 μg/cm³ illuminated for 10 min and incubated for 4 h), × 400; D: Cells exposed to CDT (10 μg/cm³ illuminated for 10 min and incubated overnight), × 400.

Figure 5 Agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA from Bel 7402 cells irradiated with visible light for 10 min. Lane 2: 10 μg/cm³; lane 3: 5 μg/cm³; lane 4: Bel 7402 cells in the presence of light as control; lane 1: DNA marker (100 base pairs).