Recent advances in basic and clinical aspects of inflammatory bowel disease: Which steps in the mucosal inflammation should we block for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease?

Figure 1 Schema of the pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease. TLR: toll-like receptors; IL: interleukin; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; ECM: extracellular matrix; TGF: transforming growth factor.

Figure 2 Schema of the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis. IL: interleukin; MCP: monocyte chemoattractant protein; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; APC: antigen-presenting cells; LPL: lamina propria lymphocytes; AcCD4Tcell: activated CD4Tcell; PMN: polymorphonuclear cell; ROS: reactive oxygen species; mono: monocyte; MadCAM: mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule; VCAM: vascular cell adhesion molecule.