Functional and morphological changes of the gut barrier during the restitution process after hemorrhagic shock

Figure 1 Sections of ileum following ischemia-reperfusion injury after resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock. A: Shedding of cell at the tip of the villi is apparent (1 h); B: Notes the sloughed epithelial cells detached from the villi and some regions of the villi are destroyed, goblet cells reside throughout the length of the villi (3 h); C, D: extensive denudation and collapse of the villi and the enterocytes in the upper of the villi had lifted and detached from the villi (3 h); E: the tip of the villi was denuded, but some of the goblet cells still remained on the surface (3 h); F: Restitution is nearly completed and the area of the villi covered by goblet cells and their number are decreased (6 h); G: The restitution of the villi is complete except for the shortening of the villous height and goblet cells cover the villi (12 h). Epithelial cells are lifted off the basement membrane after 1 h. Original magnification: ×40 (A), ×100 (B, C, D, G, H); ×200 (E).

Figure 2 Electron microscopic examination of ileum following ischemia-reperfusion injury after resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock. The apoptosis and necrosis were main manifestation in the intestinal mucosal injury. A: Many enterocytes show compaction and segregation of chromatin against the nuclear envelope, but still preserve mcrovilli and intact mitochondria; B: Showing the appearance of membrane blebs which cause detachment from the basement membrane; C: Some enterocytes show the swelling of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum, scarce and lodging microvilli; D: the opening of tight junction among the cells. Original magnification: ×2 500 (A, B), ×4 000 (C,D).

Figure 3 Mucosal damage index in small intestine and colon following resuscitation after hemorrhagic shock. Bars are mucosal damage index, the color represented different sites.

Figure 4 Linear fitness between the standard amount of LPS and absorbance A-value of LPS in portal vein plasma.