Anticancer effects of oligomeric proanthocyanidins on human colorectal cancer cell line, SNU-C4

Figure 1 Cytotoxic effects of OPC. SNU-C4 cells were treated with various concentrations of OPC for 24 h prior to the determination of cellular viability. Results are presented as mean ± SE. ^aP < 0.05 vs control group.

Figure 2 Characterization of OPC-induced cell death in SNU-C4 cells. Cells were cultured without OPC (A, C and E) or with 100 µg/mL OPC (B, D and F). Morphology (top): phase-contrast microscopy shows cell shrinkage, bubble like bleb in cell membrane and cellular detachment in OPC-treated cultures (B). SNU-C4 cells stained with DAPI staining (D). SNU-C4 cells stained with TUNEL staining (F): Scale bar, 10 µm.

Figure 3 Results of RT-PCR analysis of BCL-2, BAX, and CASPASE-3. As internal control, CYCLOPHILIN mRNA was also reverse-transcribed and amplified. (A) Control, (B)100 µg/mL OPC treated group.

Figure 4 Result of caspase-3 enzyme activity assay. The rate of Ac-DEVD-pNA cleavage was measured at 405 nm. OPC was used as concentration of 100 µg/mL. Caspase-3 was a positive control and Ac-DEVD-CHO was a caspase inhibitor. ^aP < 0.05 vs control group.