Virtual reality tools for training in gastrointestinal endoscopy: A systematic review

Table 1 Description of studies included in this systematic review of virtual reality training in gastrointestinal endoscopy

Ref.	Study design	Study setting	Duration	Types of trainees	No. of participants	Types of colonoscopies	Types of VR training
Buzink et al[4], 2007	Pre and post study	Academic medical centers		Novice endoscopists, expert endoscopists	30	Colonoscopy	GI Mentor II
Cohen et al[15], 2006	Multicenter RCT	Academic medical centers	2 yr	Gastroenterology fellows	45	Colonoscopy	GI Mentor
Ferlitsch et al[10], 2002	Single-center RCT	Academic institution	3 wk	Medical residents	13	Upper endoscopy and colonoscopy	GI Mentor
Ferlitsch et al[12], 2010	Single-center RCT	Academic institution	4 yr	Internal medicine residents	28	Upper endoscopy	GI Mentor
Gerson and Van Dam[19], 2003	Single-center RCT	Academic institution	9 months	Internal medicine residents	16	Sigmoidoscopy	VR sigmoidoscopy simulator
Gomez et al[20], 2015	Single-center RCT	Academic institution	1 month	Surgery residents	27	Colonoscopy	GI Mentor
Grover et al[8], 2015	Single-center RCT	Academic medical centers	6 wk	Surgery residents, medicine residents, gastroenterology fellows	33	Colonoscopy	VR endoscopy simulator
Hashimoto et al[9], 2018	Two-phase study	Academic medical centers	6 months	Endoscopists	44	Upper endoscopy and colonoscopy	GI Mentor
Koch et al[11], 2015	Prospective study	Academic institution		Trainees	18	Colonoscopy	GI Mentor II
McIntosh et al[21], 2014	Single-center RCT	Academic institution	1 month	Residents between year 2-4	18	Colonoscopy	GI Mentor II
Park et al[22], 2007	Single-center RCT	Academic medical centers		Surgery residents, internal medicine residents	24	Colonoscopy	Computer-based colonoscopy simulator
Piskorz et al[16], 2020	Pre and post study	Academic medical centers		1st yr fellows of gastroenterology	126	Upper endoscopy and colonoscopy	GI Mentor
Shirai et al[23], 2008	Single-center RCT	Academic institution	17 months	Residents	20	Upper endoscopy	GI Mentor II
Silva Mendes et al[24], 2021	Prospective, multicenter study	Academic institution	6 months	1st yr gastroenterology residents	23	Upper endoscopy and colonoscopy	GI Mentor II
Telem et al[18], 2014	Prospective study	Academic institution	6 wk	Novice surgical interns, attending physicians	12	Colonoscopy	GI Mentor
Van Sickle et al[17], 2011	Multicenter pre and posttest study	Academic institution	8 wk	Postgraduate year 1-4	41	Upper endoscopy and colonoscopy	GI Mentor II

RCT: Randomized controlled trial; VR: Virtual reality; GI: Gastrointestinal.