Ultra-minimally invasive endoscopic techniques and colorectal diseases: Current status and its future

Table 1 Technological advancement in endoscopic diagnosis and treatment of colorectal diseases

No.	Techniques	Technology	Clinical use diagnostic/therapeutic	Ref.
1	Chromoendoscopy	Real-time tissue enhancement using biocompatible dyes	Polyp and adenoma detection, differentiation of benign from malignant lesions, dysplasia associated with IBD	[111-114]
2	Narrow band imaging	Physical spectral filters generate narrow bands of 415 and 540 nm in center wavelength	Adenoma detection, dysplasia associated with IBD	[115,116]
3	Blue light imaging	Narrowed spectrum LED light of 410 nm and 450 nm enabling haemoglobin excitation and a positive mucosal contrast	Differentiation of non-neoplastic from neoplastic lesions, in vivo histology	[117-119]
4	Autofluorescence endoscopy	Fluorescence of fluorophores differentiate tissues	Adenoma detection, differentiation of non-neoplastic lesions from neoplastic lesions	[120-123]
5	Flexible spectral imaging color enhancement	This differentiation is based on the surface capillary pattern	Differentiation of non-neoplastic from neoplastic lesions, in vivo histology	[124-126]
6	Linked color imaging	Pre-processing narrow band LED radiation and post-processing color technology to separate imported colors into red, green, and blue what enhances color differences	Polyp detection	[127-129]
7	i-SCAN	Enhancement of the image contrast through a real-time post-processing algorithm, basing the different reflective properties of normal and abnormal mucosa	Adenoma detection, in vivo histology, disease activity in IBD, detection of neoplasia in IBD	[130-133]
8	i-SCAN OE	Incorporation of a digital pre-processor optical enhancement to improve visualization of mucosal vascular pattern	Detection of pre-malignant lesions	[134]

IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; LED: Light emitting diode.