Role of artificial intelligence in early detection and screening for pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Table 2 Studies on artificial intelligence using endoscopic ultrasound to diagnose pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Ref.	Clinical question	Training set (number of subjects)	Validation set (number of subjects)		AI instrument	AUROC	Accuracy	Sensitivity	Specificity
Udristoiu et al[84], 2021	Detecting focal pancreatic masses in four EUS imaging modalities	65			CNN and Long Short-term Memory models	0.97	97.6%	98.1%	96.7%
Tonozuka et al[83], 2021	Detecting PDAC in patients with normal pancreas/Chronic pancreatitis	92			CNN	0.924	NA	90.2%	74.9%
Marya et al[78], 2021	Differentiate AIP from PDAC, chronic pancreatitis and other pancreatic diseases	336		124	CNN	0.976	NA	95%	90%
Kuwahara et al[77], 2019	Predicting malignancy in IPMN	50			CNN	0.98	94%	95.7%	92.6%
Ozkan et al[80], 2016	Differentiating pancreatic cancer from healthy pancreas	260 images		72 images	ANN	NA	87.5%	83.3%	93.3%
Saftoiu et al[81], 2015	Differentiate pancreatic cancer from chronic pancreatitis	117		25	ANN	NA	NA	94.6%	94.4%
Zhu et al[86], 2013	Differentiating pancreatic cancer from chronic pancreatitis.	194		194	SVM	NA	94.2%	96.3%	93.4%
Saftoiu et al[82], 2012	Diagnosis of focal pancreatic lesions	258 patients			ANN	0.94	84.27%	87.59%	82.94%
Zhang et al[85], 2010	Differentiate pancreatic cancer from non-tumorous tissue	108		108	SVM	NA	97.98%	94.3%	99.45%
Saftoiu et al[20], 2008 cancer	Differentiate normal pancreas, chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, and neuroendocrine tumors	68			Neural network	0.847 (for PDAC vs chronic pan-creatitis)	86.1% (for PDAC vs chronic pan-creatitis)	93.8% (for PDAC vs chronic pan-creatitis)	63.6% (for PDAC vs chronic pan-creatitis)
Das et al[19], 2008	Differentiating pancreatic adenocarcinoma from non-neoplastic tissue (includes normal pancreas and chronic pancreatitis)	160		159	ANN	0.93	NA	93%	92%
Norton et al[79], 2001	Differentiate malignancy from pancreatitis	35			ML	NA	80%	100%	50%

AUROC: Area under the receiver operating characteristic; AI: Artificial intelligence; CNN: Convolutional neural network; EUS: Endoscopic ultrasound; SVM: Support vector machines; ML: Machine learning; NA: Not available; IPMN: Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm; PDAC: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.