Risk factor profiles for gastric cancer prediction with respect to Helicobacter pylori: A study of a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan

Table 3 Factors associated with gastroduodenal diseases and gastric cancer vs normal gastric mucosa

Variable	Category	GDD/NGM		GC/GDD		GC/NGM
		Significant	Odds ratio (95%CI)	Significant	Odds ratio (95%CI)	Significant	Odds ratio (95%CI)
Age	< 46	0.078	0.45 (0.18-1.09)	0.00	0.19 (0.08-0.46)	0.000	0.08 (0.02-0.29)
	> 45		Reference		Reference		Reference
Education level	Illiterate	0.404	1.44 (0.61-3.43)	0.609	1.25 (0.53-2.95)	0.325	1.81 (0.56-5.86)
	Literate		Reference		Reference		Reference
Income level	Low	0.767	1.25 (0.29-5.44)	0.847	0.79 (0.07-8.61)	0.992	0.99 (0.06-15.29)
	Middle	0.028	2.32 (1.09-4.91)	0.218	2.1 (0.65-6.8)	0.022	4.86 (1.25-18.84)
	Upper		Reference		Reference		Reference
Vomiting	No	0.088	0.54 (0.27-1.09)	0.599	1.26 (0.53-3.01)	0.003	0.16 (0.05-0.53)
	Yes		Reference		Reference		Reference
Bloating	No	0.012	0.37 (0.17-0.8)	0.019	0.29 (0.1-0.81)	0.184	0.47 (0.15-1.44)
	Yes		Reference		Reference		Reference
Abdominal pain	No	0.075	0.52 (0.25-1.07)	0.092	0.32 (0.09-1.2)	0.016	0.17 (0.04-0.72)
	Yes		Reference		Reference		Reference
Acid reflux	No	0.220	0.63 (0.3-1.32)	0.944	0.97 (0.41-2.3)	0.379	0.61 (0.2-1.83)
	Yes		Reference		Reference		Reference
Medication	Antibiotics	0.686	0.81 (0.29-2.25)	0.519	1.51 (0.43-5.24)	0.803	1.22 (0.25-5.85)
	PPI	0.520	1.45 (0.47-4.44)	0.139	2.48 (0.74-8.26)	0.118	3.58 (0.72-17.76)
	NSAIDS	0.020	0.16 (0.03-0.75)	0.936	1.1(0.1-11.93)	0.212	0.18 (0.01-2.68)
	Others	0.512	1.64 (0.38-7.12)	0.598	0.54 (0.06-5.3)	0.928	0.88 (0.06-12.75)
	Nil		Reference		Reference		Reference
High salt intake	No	0.215	1.77 (0.72-4.37)	0.215	0.55 (0.21-1.42)	0.965	0.97 (0.27-3.49)
	Yes		Reference		Reference		Reference

Nine variables were added to the multinomial logistic regression analysis with P < 0.05 (marked in bold). GDD: Gastroduodenal diseases; NGM: Normal gastric mucosa; NSAIDS: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; PPI: Proton pump inhibitors; Sign.: Significant.