Risk factor profiles for gastric cancer prediction with respect to Helicobacter pylori: A study of a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan

Table 2 Descriptive characteristics of the proband cohort groups and results of χ²/Fisher’s exact test (P value)

Factor	Categories	NGM	GDD	GC	P value	Significant
		% (number of patients/total number of patients)
Infection status	Negative	28 (14/50)	39 (100/260)	26 (8/31)	0.176	> 0.05
	Positive	72 (36/50)	62 (160/260)	74 (23/31)
Gender	Male	46 (23/50)	52 (136/260)	58 (18/31)	0.553	> 0.05
	Female	54 (27/50)	48 (124/260)	42 (13/31)
BMI	Normal, underweight	58 (29/50)	63 (163/260)	78 (24/31)	0.191	> 0.05
	Overweight, obese	42 (21/50)	37 (97/260)	23 (7/31)
Marital status	Married	78 (39/50)	80 (208/260)	87 (27/31)	0.580	> 0.05
	Single	22 (11/50)	20 (52/260)	13 (4/31)
Age	< 46	82 (41/50)	65 (170/260)	29 (9/31)	0.000	< 0.01
	> 45	18 (9/50)	35 (90/260)	71 (22/31)
Ethnic background	Federal	6 (3/50)	6 (16/260)	3 (1/31)	0.291f	> 0.05
	Lower punjab	16 (8/50)	15 (40/260)	13 (4/31)
	Kashmir	12 (6/50)	5 (14/260)	3 (1/31)
	Upper punjab	60 (30/50)	62 (161/260)	81 (25/31)
	Khyber pakhtunkhwa	6 (3/50)	11 (29/260)	0 (0/31)
Education level	Illiterate	18 (9/50)	35 (90/260)	48 (15/31)	0.013	< 0.05
	Literate	82 (41/50)	65 (170/260)	52 (16/31)
Medication	Antibiotics	44 (22/50)	33 (86/260)	32 (10/31)	0.132f	> 0.05
	PPI	22 (11/50)	36 (93/260)	45 (14/31)
	NSAID	12 (6/50)	4 (9/260)	3 (1/31)
	Others	8 (4/50)	10 (27/260)	3 (1/31)
	NIL	14 (7/50)	17 (45/260)	16 (5/31)
Income level	10.000	6 (3/50)	7 (19/260)	3 (1/31)	0.007f	< 0.05
	11.000-30.000	48 (24/50)	69 (178/260)	84 (26/31)
	> 30.000	46 (23/50)	24 (63/260)	13 (4/31)
Acid reflux	No	66 (33/50)	45 (116/260)	39 (12/31)	0.013	< 0.05
	Yes	34 (17/50)	55 (144/260)	61 (19/31)
Abdominal pain	No	54 (27/50)	25 (64/260)	10 (3/31)	0.000	< 0.01
	Yes	46 (23/50)	75 (196/260)	90 (28/31)
Heartburn	No	56 (28/50)	46 (119/260)	45 (14/31)	0.403	> 0.05
	Yes	44 (22/50)	54 (141/260)	55 (17/31)
Vomiting	No	64 (32/50)	41 (107/260)	16 (5/31)	0.000	< 0.01
	Yes	36 (18/50)	59 (153/260)	84 (26/31)
Bloating	No	74 (37/50)	41 (106/260)	39 (12/31)	0.000	< 0.01
	Yes	26 (13/50)	59 (154/260)	61 (19/31)
Black tea	Low	80 (40/50)	69 (178/260)	71 (22/31)	0.261	> 0.05
	High	20 (10/50)	32 (82/260)	29 (9/31)
Green tea	Low	70 (35/50)	70 (181/260)	65 (20/31)	0.837	> 0.05
	High	30 (15/50)	30 (79/260)	36 (11/31)
Chili consumption	Low	30 (15/50)	39 (102/260)	48 (15/31)	0.240	> 0.05
	High	70 (35/50)	61 (158/260)	52 (16/31)
Dairy product consumption	Low	36 (18/50)	32 (83/260)	32 (10/31)	0.853	> 0.05
	High	64 (32/50)	68 (177/260)	68 (21/31)
Fresh fruit & vegetable consumption	Low	28 (14/50)	18 (46/260)	23 (7/31)	0.222	> 0.05
	High	72 (36/50)	82 (214/260)	77 (24/31)
Rice consumption	Low	26 (13/50)	37 (94/260)	23 (7/31)	0.154	> 0.05
	High	74 (37/50)	64 (166/260)	77 (24/31)
Potato consumption	Low	32 (16/50)	40 (104/260)	32 (10/31)	0.422	> 0.05
	High	68 (34/50)	60 (156/260)	68 (21/31)
Red meat consumption	Low	54 (27/50)	47 (123/260)	55 (17/31)	0.543	> 0.05
	High	46 (23/50)	53 (137/260)	45 (14/31)
Processed meat consumption	Low	70 (35/50)	77 (199/260)	77 (24/31)	0.597	> 0.05
	High	30 (15/50)	24 (61/260)	23 (7/31)
Junk food consumption	Low	78 (39/50)	84 (218/260)	84 (26/31)	0.596	> 0.05
	High	22 (11/50)	16 (42/260)	16 (5/31)
Sweets consumption	Low	62 (31/50)	69 (178/260)	68 (21/31)	0.671	> 0.05
	High	38 (19/50)	32 (82/260)	32 (10/31)
High salt intake	No	16 (8/50)	31 (80/260)	23 (7/31)	0.081	> 0.05
	Yes	84 (42/50)	69 (180/260)	77 (24/31)
Overcrowding	Yes	54 (27/50)	42 (108/260)	55 (17/31)	0.129	> 0.05
	No	46 (23/50)	59 (152/260)	45 (14/31)
Oral hygiene	Yes	84 (42/50)	87 (226/260)	77 (24/31)	0.340	> 0.05
	No	16 (8/50)	13 (34/260)	23 (7/31)
Hand hygiene	Yes	98 (49/50)	99 (256/260)	97 (30/31)	0.437f	> 0.05
	No	2 (1/50)	2 (4/260)	3 (1/31)
House insects	No	0 (0/50)	2 (4/260)	0 (0/31)	1.00f	> 0.05
	Yes	100 (50/50)	99 (256/260)	100 (31/31)
Household animals	No	62 (31/50)	69 (180/260)	22/31 (71)	0.570	> 0.05
	Yes	38 (19/50)	31 (80/260)	29 (9/31)
Potable water source	In	4 (2/50)	14 (37/260)	13 (4/31)	0.136	> 0.05
	Out	96 (48/50)	86 (223/260)	87 (27/31)
Sewage system	Proper	0 (0/50)	3 (7/260)	7 (2/31)	0.196f	> 0.05
	Damaged	100 (50/50)	97 (253/260)	94 (29/31)
Addiction	No	66 (33/50)	68 (176/260)	71 (22/31)	0.897	> 0.05
	Yes	34 (17/50)	32 (84/260)	29 (9/31)
Passive smoking	No	58 (29/50)	62 (162/260)	65 (20/31)	0.806	> 0.05
	Yes	42 (21/50)	38 (98/260)	36 (11/31)
Physical activity	Low	80 (40/50)	80 (208/260)	77 (24/31)	0.944	> 0.05
	High	20 (10/50)	20 (52/260)	23 (7/31)
Family history of stomach disease	No	74 (37/50)	72 (187/260)	84 (26/31)	0.361	> 0.05
	Yes	26 (13/50)	28 (73/260)	16 (5/31)
Type 2 diabetes	No	94 (47/50)	92 (238/260)	97 (30/31)	0.680f	> 0.05
	Yes	6 (3/50)	9 (22/260)	3 (1/31)

^fFor the expected counts less than 5, P values were obtained from Fisher’s exact test. Significant discriminators are marked in bold. BMI: Body mass index; NGM: Normal gastric mucosa, GC: Gastric cancer; GDD: Gastroduodenal diseases; NSAIDS: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; PPI: Proton pump inhibitors.