Machine learning approaches using blood biomarkers in non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases

Table 2 Machine learning studies in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis patients

Ref.	Patients	Investigated biomarker	Model with best performance	Results
Sowa et al[32], 2013	126 patients	Alanine aminotransferase; Aspartate aminotransferase; M30; M60; Hyaluronic acid	Randon forest	79% Accuracy in fibrosis prediction; 60% sensitivity; 77% specificity
Yip et al[33], 2017	922 patients	Alanine aminotransferase; High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Triglycerides; HbA1c; White blood cells; Hypertension	Ridge score	88% Accuracy in steatosis prediction; 92% sensitivity; 90% specificity
Ma et al[34], 2018	10.508 patients; 2522 NAFLD patients	Age; Sex; Body mass index; Alanine aminotransferase; Aspartate aminotransferase; Alkaline phosphatase; Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; Triglycerides; Blood urea nitrogen; Bilirubin; Cholesterol; Creatinine; Fasting glucose; Uric acid	Bayesian network model	83% Accuracy in NAFLD prediction; 68% sensitivity; 94% specificity
Canbay et al[35], 2019	164 patients; 122 (validation)	Age; HbA1c; Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; M30; Adiponectin	Logistic regression	70% Accuracy in separate NAFLD and NASH
Liu et al[36], 2021	15.315 patients5878 with NAFLD	Body mass index; Waist circumference; Waist-to-height ratio; Alanine aminotransferase; Fasting blood glucose; Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; Very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Systolic blood pressure; Alkaline phosphatase; Diastolic blood pressure	XGBoost model	79% Accuracy in NAFLD prediction; 61% sensitivity; 90% specificity
Pei et al[37], 2021	3.419 patients; 845 with fat liver diseases	Age; Height; Hemoglobin; Aspartate aminotransferase; Glucose; Uric acid; Low-density lipoprotein; Alpha-fetoprotein; Triglycerides; High-density lipoprotein; Carcinoembryonic antigen	XGBoost model	94% accuracy of prediction; 90% sensitivity; 95% specificity

NAFLD: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; XGBoost: Extreme gradient boosting.