Colorectal cancer: Artificial intelligence and its role in surgical decision making

Table 3 Studies of artificial intelligence differentiating normal epithelium from abnormal or malignant cells

S. No	Modality used	Primary aim of study	AI method used	Ref.
1	CEUS	To differentiate glioblastoma from normal tissue	Support vector machines	Ritschel et al[75], 2015
2	OCT	To distinguish parathyroid tissue from thyroid, lymph node, and adipose tissue	Texture feature analysis and back propagation artificial neural network	Hou et al[76], 2017
3	CLE	Normal colonic mucosa from malignant lesion	Fractal analysis and neural network modelling	Ştefănescu et al[77], 2016
4	Hyperspectral imaging	Differentiation of colonic carcinoma from adenoma and healthy mucosa	Artificial neural network	Jansen-Winkeln et al[72], 2021

AI: Artificial intelligence; CEUS: Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography; OCT: Optical coherence tomography; CLE: Confocal laser endomicroscopy; S. No: Serial number.