Clinical value of artificial intelligence in hepatocellular carcinoma: Current status and prospect

Table 2 Artificial intelligence models that can help in predicting therapy responses

AI	Data adopted	Advantages	Control	Ref.
ANN	Cox-identified risk factors	The ANN had the highest AUC (0.855)	Cox model, TNM 6th, BCLC and HPBA system (0.826, 0.639, 0.612, 0.711)	[35]
CART model	Clinical and laboratorial parameters	The model successfully identified pre- and postoperative prognosis predictive factors	-	[36]
Weka-based ANNs	Cox-identified risk factors (15 factors for DFS and 21 for OS)	The ANNs showed higher abilities of predicting DFS and OS	LR and decision tree model	[37,38]
Radiomics-based DL CEUS model	Contrast-enhanced ultrasound	The model showed an AUC of 0.93 in predicting therapy response to TACE	Radiomics-based time-intensity curve of CEUS model (0.80) and radiomics-based B-Mode images model (0.81)	[40]
Pretrained CNN "ResNet50"	Manually segmented CT images	The model showed AUCs for predicting CR, PR, SD and PD in training (0.97, 0.96, 0.95, 0.96) and validation (0.98, 0.96, 0.95, 0.94) cohorts	-	[41]
Automatic predictive CNN model	Quantitative CT and BCLC stage	The model had a better prediction accuracy of 74.2%	ML model based on BCLC stage (62.9%)	[42]
ANN	Clinical features	The models showed higher AUCs in predicting 1- and 2-yr DFS (0.94, 0.88) after RFA	Model built with 8 features for 1-yr DFS (0.80), and model built with 6 features for 2-yr DFS (0.76)	[45]

AI: Artificial intelligence; ANN: Artificial neural network; AUC: Area under the curve; BCLC: Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer; CART: Classification and Regression Tree; CEUS: Contrast-enhanced ultrasound; CNN: Convolutional neural network; CR: Complete response; CT: Computed tomography; DFS: Disease-free survival; DL: Deep learning; HPBA: HepatoPancreato-Biliary Association; LR: Logistic regression; ML: Machine learning; OS: Overall survival; PD: Progressive disease; PR: Partial response; RFA: Radiofrequency ablation; SD: Stable disease; TACE: Transarterial chemoembolization; TNM: Tumor, Node, Metastasis; Weka: Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis.