Dengue hemorrhagic fever and cardiac involvement

Table 3 Primary histopathological features of cardiac involvement in autopsy of dengue hemorrhagic fever patients

Ref.	Autopsy cases, n	Gross findings	Histopathological findings
Bhamarapravati et al[15], 1967	100	Focal areas of hemorrhage in the epicardium, sub endocardium, interstitial tissues, or combined	Separation of myocardial fibers with the interstitial tissue edema. Extensive hemorrhage in myocardium with condensation and acidophilic pattern of myocardial fibrils
Burke[39], 1968	12	Petechial hemorrhage in epicardium, sub endocardium, and myocardium	No evidence of myocarditis. Normal blood vessels
Weerakoon et al[20], 2011	5	Evidence of florid myocarditis	Interstitial edema with inflammatory cell infiltration and necrosis of myocardial fibers. Evidence of pericarditis
Kularatne et al[40], 2018	3	Petechial hemorrhage	Interstitial edema with infiltration of neutrophils and lymphocytes. Lymphocytic infiltration in endomyseum
Marques et al[41], 2013	1	NR	Acute myocarditis with multiple areas of myocardial necrosis sur-rounded by inflammatory cellular infiltrate
Rathi et al[42], 2013	6	Hemorrhagic spots over pericardium, epicardium. Mild ventricular hypertrophy	Lymphocytic myocarditis

NR: Not reported.