Post COVID-19 infection: Long-term effects on liver and kidneys

Table 2 Studies showing kidney abnormalities in coronavirus disease 2019 patients

No.	Study	Finding	Ref.
1	n = 191 patients; 137 were discharged and 54 died in hospital	The incidence of AKI was in 15% in the COVID-19 infected patients, out of which 50% were non-survivors and 1% were survivors	Zhou et al[2]
2	n = 41 patients	10% patients had elevated creatinine level (> 133 μmol/L) on admission and 7% had AKI. Incidence rate was further increased to 23% in critically ill patients in ICU	Huang et al[8]
3	n = 193 patients	After hospital admission, 59% of patients developed proteinuria, 44% with haematuria, 14% with increased levels of blood urea nitrogen, and 10% with increased levels of serum creatinine	Li et al[46]
4	n = 701 consecutive hospitalized patients	11.9% of those with elevated baseline creatinine developed AKI compared to 4.0% in patients with normal baseline creatinine. 44% of patients had proteinuria and haematuria. Mortality rate was higher in patients with proteinuria, haematuria, elevated baseline creatinine and urea, and AKI stage 2-3	Cheng et al[47]
5	Observational study of n = 287 patients	Most patients recover from AKI stage 1. Patients who progress to AKI stage 2 or 3 have a very high mortality rate	Xiao et al[53]
6	Retrospective study of n = 333 patients	About 75% experienced urine dipstick abnormalities or AKI. Patients who presented kidney dysfunction had higher mortality rates (11.2%) than patients without kidney involvement (1.2%)	Pei et al[88]
7	Observational study of n = 5449 hospitalized patients	The incidence of AKI was 36.6% with 14.3% of patients requiring dialysis. It was higher in patients admitted to the ICU. Patients with AKI had higher mortality compared to those without AKI (35% and 16.3%, respectively)	Hirsch et al[89]
8	n = 116 patients	Most of the patients with AKI were critical (52.4%) and incidence of AKI was 18.1% among patients admitted with COVID-19	Cui et al[90]

AKI: Acute kidney injury; COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019; ICU: Intensive care unit.