Post COVID-19 infection: Long-term effects on liver and kidneys

Table 1 Studies showing liver function abnormalities in coronavirus disease 2019 patients

No.	Study	Finding	Ref.
1	Large scale study: n = 1099	AST/ALT were elevated in 18.2%/19.8% of mild COVID-19 patientsand 39.4%/28.1% in severe COVID-19 patients	Guan et al[7]
2	Small scale study: n = 41	AST was elevated in 62% of patients in the ICU compared with 25% in those who did not require care in the ICU	Huang  et al[8]
3	n = 99	AST (U/L): All patients: 34 (26-48); ALT (U/L): All patients: 39 (21-55)	Chen et al[17]
4	n = 113	AST (U/L): All patients: 16 (22-46); ALT (U/L): All patients: 22%; Deaths: 27%	Chen et al[25]
5	n = 115	AST (U/L): All patients: 28.3 ± 15.6; ULN ≤ 50 U/L: 85%; 50-150 U/L: 15%; > 150: None; ALT (U/L): All patients: 34 (18-67); Moderate: 28 (21-43.5); Severe: 36.5 (17.5-71.5)	Zhang et al[30]
6	French Cohort Study, n = 281 patients	102 (36.3%) patients had liver dysfunctions. High level of GGT was the most common perturbation (25.3%). Elevated levels of AST (24.3%) and ALT (12.8%)	Chaibi et al[81]
7	Large scale study: China, n = 350	ALT (U/L) and AST (U/L) were profoundly elevated in critically ill patients (33; 49) in comparison to severe patients (23; 29) and mild patients (22; 26)	Fu et al[82]
8	n = 79	AST (U/L): All patients: 30 (20-50); Moderate: 28 (22-48); Severe: 35 (22-55). ALT (U/L): All patients: 34 (18-67); Moderate: 28 (21-43.5); Severe: 36.5 (17.5-71.5)	Xie et al[83]
9	n = 104	ALT (U/L) and AST (U/L) were profoundly elevated in patients (36.5; 33)	Li et al[84]
10	Large scale study: China, n = 657	ALT (U/L) was highly elevated in critically ill patients (41) in comparison to moderate patients (25)	Wang et al[85]
11	Large scale study: China, n = 1827	AST (U/L): Abnormal in pre-hospitalization patients (20.3%); Admission (66.9%) and peak hospitalization (83.4%) patients with COVID-19; ALT (U/L): Abnormal in pre-hospitalization patients (19.1%); Admission (41.6%) and peak hospitalization (61.6%) patients with COVID-19 infection	Hundt et al[86]
12	Large scale study: New York, n = 5700	58.4% developed AST values > 40U/L and 39% ALT > 60U/L. 56 patients (2.1%) developed acute hepatic injury defined as an elevation in AST or ALT of >15 times the upper limit of normal	Richardson et al[87]

ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019; GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transferase; ICU: Intensive care unit; ULN: Upper limit of normal.