Therapeutic applications of dental pulp stem cells in regenerating dental, periodontal and oral-related structures

Table 2 Preclinical and clinical studies obtained from the PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar databases related to periodontal tissue regeneration using dental pulp stem cells

Ref.	Strategy	Model	Defect/site of cell implantation	Cell number	Cell source	Cell application
Khorsand et al[25], 2013	Scaffold-based	Mongrel dogs	3-walled PDs with ligature induced periodontitis	2 × 107	Autologous dogs' DPSCs	Loaded on the top surface of the scaffold
Ma et al[26], 2014	Scaffold-free	Miniature pigs	Bone defect of 5 mm width, 7 mm length, and 3 mm depth	1 × 107	hDPSCs	Cell injection
Cao et al[27], 2015	Scaffold-free	Miniature pigs	Bone defects of 5 mm width, 7 mm length, and 3 mm depth	1 × 107	hDPSCs transfected with adenovirus-mediated transfer of HGF gene	Cell sheet transplantation or cell injection
Hu et al[28], 2016	Scaffold-free	Miniature pigs	Bone defect of 5 mm width, 7 mm length, and 3 mm depth	1 × 107	hDPSCs	Cell sheet transplantation or cell injection
Li et al[29], 2019	Scaffold-based	Miniature pig	Periodontal defect of 5 mm × 6 mm × 5 mm	1 × 107	Autologous pig DPSCs-IPs	loaded onto the scaffold
Lin et al[30], 2020	Scaffold-based	Sprague-Dawley rats	Periodontal defect adjacent to the root of the second molars	2 × 106	hDPSCs	Cell injection
Meng et al[31], 2020	Sandwich structure	Nude mice	Subcutaneously (bioroot regeneration)	5 × 105	hDPSCs	Cell sheet
Shen et al[32], 2020	Scaffold-based/cell-free therapy	Mouse	Periodontitis created using 5-0 silk ligature	50 μg	hDPSCs-Exo	Incorporated onto the scaffold and combination injected locally
Li et al[33], 2016	Scaffold-based	Human	Periodontal intrabony defects	1 × 105	Autologous DPSCs-IPs	Loaded onto the scaffold material
Ferrarotti et al[34], 2018	Scaffold-based	Human	Chronic periodontitis with deep intrabony defect	50 μm micrograft	Micrografts rich in autologous hDPSCs	Seeded onto the scaffold
Aimetti et al[35], 2018	Scaffold-based	Human	Chronic periodontitis with deep intrabony defect	50 μm micrograft	Micrografts rich in autologous hDPSCs	Loaded on the scaffold
Hernández-Monjaraz et al[36], 2020	Scaffold-based	Human	PDs, without uncontrolled systemic chronic diseases	5 × 106	hDPSCs	Dripped suspended in 200 mL of PBS and then collagen membrane was placed

DPSCs: Dental pulp stem cells; hDPSCs: Human dental pulp stem cells; HGF: Hepatocyte growth factor; IPs: Inflammatory dental pulp tissues; PBS: Phosphate-buffered saline; PDs: Periodontal defects.