Prevalence, awareness and control of hypertension in Malaysia from 1980-2018: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 2 Pooled prevalence and 95% confidence interval of hypertension and its subgroup analysis

Variable	Number of studies, n	Prevalence, %	95%CI		P value	I2, %	Figure
Overall prevalence
Malaysia	56	29.7	26.1, 33.3		< 0.001	99.7	2
30 and above	16	40.0	35.3, 44.8		< 0.001	98.9	3
Mean age, yr							4
18–29	4	8.6	5.30, 11.90		0.03	66.9
30–39	3	13.5	2.9, 29.9		< 0.001	98.7
40–49	17	27.9	24.9, 30.9		< 0.001	96.5
50–59	4	39.4	29.3, 49.4		< 0.001	99.7
60 and above	6	42.8	30.2, 55.3		< 0.001	95.8
Gender
Male	26	31.4	26.5, 36.2		< 0.001	98.1	5A
Female	26	27.8	20.7, 34.9		< 0.001	99.5	5B
Ethnicity
Malay	17	37.3	32.9, 41.7		< 0.001	98.9	6A
Chinese	8	36.4	31.6, 41.2		< 0.001	96.6	6B
Indian	10	34.8	31.2, 38.4		< 0.001	81.5	6C
Other	9	32.9	25.8, 40.0		< 0.001	98.0	6D
Study setting							7
Community	51	30.2	26.4, 34.1		< 0.001	99.7
Health care setting	5	24.3	16.6, 32.0		< 0.001	97.5
Geographical origin
Rural	19	35.6	29.9, 41.4		< 0.001	98.77	8A
Urban	21	25.4	20.4, 30.4		< 0.001	98.43	8B
Study decade							9
1980-1989	1	16.2	13.4, 19.0		NA	NA
1990-1999	2	36.8	6.1, 67.5		< 0.001	99.42
2000-2009	19	28.7	21.7, 35.8		< 0.001	99.9
2010-2018	9	26.8	21.3, 32.2		< 0.001	98.7
Blood pressure measurement tools							10
Mercury sphygmomanometer	15	33.2	26.4, 40.0		< 0.001	98.8
Digital blood pressure device	16	30.8	25.5, 36.0		< 0.001	99.8

CI: Confidence interval.