Hydatidosis and the duodenum: A systematic review of the literature

Table 2 Analitical, radiological and endoscopic studies

Ref.	Leukocytosis	Red blood cell count	Hydatid serology	X-ray	Ultrasound	CT	Contrast studies	Endoscopy
Gilmas Y Mocoroa[16], 1963	16000 (84% neutrophils)	Erythrocytes: 3.286.000; Ht: 30% ESR: Katz Index 109	Casoni´s test: Positive	Chest: Right hemidia-phragm raised	NA	NA	Barium study: Stomach not filled due to huge cysts compressing the stomach body	NA
Perrotin et al[15], 1978	14300/µL	NA	Positive	Abdominal: No findings	NA	NA	Barium study: Heterogeneous opacity from the first portion of the duodenum, rounded cavity of 10 cm in the liver Cholangiography: Slightly dilated bile duct without signs of obstruction	NA
Cosme et al[13], 1987	12200/µL	Ht: 34%	NA	Abdominal: Supramesocolic mass of 15 cm deforming the stomach	Inconclusive	Cystic lesion with air-fluid level within the pancreas	Barium study: Fistula in the duodenum filling a pancreatic cyst with gas bubbles	Fistulous opening of 5 cm in diameter, in the duodenal bulb
Robbana et al[12], 1991	No	Hgb 11.1 g/dL	Positive	Abdominal: 10 cm right mass by L2-L3	14 cm cyst in right hypochon-drium	NA	X-ray with iodinated intravenous contrast: Right kidney delayed excretion and tumoral syndrome in lower lobe. Barium swallow test: Static stomach, megaduo-denum with fistulae to mass	Esophagitis type 1-2, chronic erosive gastritis. No access to duodenum
Noguera et al[11], 1993	NA	NA	NA	Chest and abdominal: Atypical gas bubble in the epigastric region with peripheral calcifications	NA	Cavity in the left hepatic lobe with partially calcified walls with communication with the duodenum. Another cystic multiloculated lesion in the peritoneal cavity lateral to the hepatic flexure of the colon	Iodinated oral contrast passing into the hepatic cavity confirmed the presence of a fistulous communication between the duodenal bulb and the cystic cavity	NA
Thomas et al[14], 1993	No	Hgb 11 g/dL	Casoni's test: Strongly positive	NA	Three cysts: Left and right hypochon-drium, pelvis	Multiple intra-abdominal hydatid cysts. One large cyst in the left hypochon-drium communicating with the stomach and the second part of the duodenum	NA	NA
Diez Valladares et al[9], 1998	No	Normal	Negative	Abdominal: Calcified circular line in the upper abdomen	NA	Calcified cystic mass in the left hepatic lobe and in continuity with the digestive tube	Barium swallow study: Cavitated mass communicating with the duodenum near the pylorus	Fistula in the pyloric region with features of an echinococcal cyst
Diez Valladares et al[9], 1998	18000/µL (85% neutrophils)	NA	NA	Abdominal: Calcified mass in right hypochon-drium	NA	Pneumoperitoneum and a liver cyst with an air fluid level	Barium swallow X-ray showed the presence of a cyst opening into de first duodenal knee	Cyst opening into duodenum
Patankar et al[10], 1998	NA	NA	NA	Chest: Crescentic gas shadow under the right dome of the diaphragm	NA	TC Dynamic contrast: Two cystic lesions in right liver lobe. Air in one of the cysts, tracking to the region of the first part of the duodenum. Another multiseptated cyst between urinary bladder and the rectum. CT oral contrast showed a megaduodenum and a fistula to the mass		NA
Muinelo Lorenzo et al[8], 2012	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	3.5 cm hepatic hydatic cyst in segment IV	NA	Fistulous communication with calcified liver mass
Daldoul et al[4], 2013	11300/µL (18% eosinophils)	NA	NA	NA	NA	One multilocular hydatic cyst in the posterior part of the lateral sector of the right lobe of the liver, extended into retroperitoneum (until right kidney). Second hydatid cyst in segments I and V of the liver compressing the duodenum with a distended stomach	Barium swallow X-ray: Opacification of the hydatid cavity through a duodenal fistula near the pylorus. Preoperative cholangiogram: Retrograde opacification of the cyst through the duodenal fistula	NA
Daldoul et al[4], 2013	13700/µl (92% neutrophils)	NA	NA	NA	Two multivesicular hydatid cysts in segments IV and VI of the liver (5 and 6 cm respectively)	NA	NA	NA
Jarrar et al[7], 2015	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	Upper gastrointestinal stenosis due to a hydatid cyst located in segment VI of the liver attached to the duodenum compressing it extrinsically	NA	Gastric stasis due to extrinsic compression of the second portion of the duodenum
Akbulut et al[6], 2018	NA	NA	Negative (postoperative)	NA	NA	CT scan with contrast 100 mm x 80 mm lesion originated by the body of pancreas		NA

CT: Computed tomography; NA: Not available; HT: Hematocryte; HGB: Hemoglobin