Exclusive cigar smoking in the United States and smoking-related diseases: A systematic review

Table 3 Studies on ischaemic heart disease, stroke and circulatory disease and exclusive cigar smoking¹

Study name2	Data source	Study type	Years of follow-up3	Sex	Age group	Study size4	Disease data available and notes5
CPS I	Hammond[21], 1966	P	4	M	35-84	4405586	IHD: CHD (ICD-6 420); Stroke: -; Circ: -
	Shanks et al[23], 1998	P	13	M	35+		IHD: CHD; Stroke: CVD; Circ: -
CPS II	Jacobs et al[32], 1999	P	9	M	30+	508576	IHD: CHD; Stroke: -; Circ: -
DORN (US veterans study)	Dorn[26], 1959	P	2	M	30+	2480466	IHD: -; Stroke: -; Circ: Cardiovascular diseases (ICD-6 330-334, 400-468)
	Kahn[27], 1966	P	8	M	35-84		IHD: Arteriosclerotic (coronary) heart disease (ICD-6 420); Stroke: Cerebral vascular lesions (ICD-6 330-334); Circ: Total cardiovascular disease (ICD-6 330-334, 400-468)
	Rogot et al[28], 1980	P	16	M	31-84		IHD: CHD (ICD-6 420); Stroke: Stroke (ICD-6 330-334); Circ: Cardiovascular (ICD-6 330-334, 400-468)
HAMMON	Hammond et al[19], 1958	P	3	M	50-69	187783	IHD: Coronary artery disease; Stroke: Cerebral vascular diseases; Circ: Heart and circulatory diseases (ICD-6 330-334, 400-468)
KAISER	Iribarren et al[13], 1999	P	25	M	30-85	17774	IHD: CHD; Stroke: Ischaemic stroke and haemorrhagic stroke combined; Circ: -
KAUFMA	Kaufman et al[33], 1987	C	-	M	40-54	15067	IHD: Non-fatal myocardial infarction; Stroke: -; Circ: -
NHIS	Inoue-Choi et al[16], 2019	P	17	C	18-95	71314	IHD: - (“Coronary heart disease” used too broad a definition); Stroke: Cardiovascular disease (ICD-10 I60-I69); Circ: Combined “Coronary heart disease” and Stroke; this excludes some hypertensive disease, diseases of arteries and diseases of veins and other circulatory disease – included in sensitivity analysis only
	Rostron et al[15], 20198	X	-	C	35+	Not specified	IHD: Heart conditions; this includes angina, CHD, heart attack and other heart disease – included in sensitivity analysis only; Stroke: Stroke; Circ: -
NLMS	Christensen et al[17], 2018	P	26	C	35-80	146529	IHD: - (“Cardiovascular diseases” used too broad a definition); Stroke: Cerebrovascular disease (ICD-10 I60-I69); Circ: Circulatory disease (ICD-10 I00-I09, I20-I25, I26-I28, I29-I51, I60-I69, I70, I71, I72-I78); this definition excludes “Diseases of veins” and “Other circulatory diseases” (ICD-10 I80-I89) – included in sensitivity analysis only

¹Compared with never smoking any tobacco product.

²Study name is an identifier assigned by the authors based on the published study name or the name of the first author of the source paper. This identifier is used in the meta-analysis output. Note that some study results were included in sensitivity analysis only: The results from study KAISER (each disease); study NHIS (the prospective result for circulatory disease and the cross-sectional result for IHD); and study NLMS (the result for circulatory disease).

³Years of follow-up is relevant only to prospective studies.

⁴Study size: Total number of participants in the study, irrespective of smoking habits but taking account of sex.

⁵The diseases considered were IHD, stroke and circ. The text gives, for each of these diseases, the disease definition as given in the paper together with additional notes where relevant (reason for rejection, method of derivation, problems with the result that mean it should be included in the sensitivity analysis only). The ICD codes relating to IHD, stroke and circ can be found at https://coder.aapc.com/icd-10-codes-range/110.

⁶See Table 1 for study size.

⁷Study limited to non-cigarette smokers.

⁸This is a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data: Results from the prospective study (above) were used in the meta-analysis when possible. IHD: Ischaemic heart disease; Circ: Stroke and circulatory disease P: Prospective; C: Case control; X: Cross-sectional; M: Male; C: Combined male and female; ICD: The International Classification of Disease.