Role of non-coding RNAs in pathogenesis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors

Table 2 Non-coding RNAs as potential prognostic biomarkers of gastrointestinal stromal tumors

Ref.	Compared groups	ncRNAs studied	Results and potential prognostic biomarkers
Subramanian et al[41], 2008	8 GISTs compared to 19 mesenchymal tumors	84 miRNAs	16 upregulated miRNAs: miRNA-10, miRNA-22, miRNA-29a, miRNA-29b, miRNA-29c, miRNA-30a-5p, miRNA-30e-5 miRNA-30c, miRNA-30d miRNA-99b miRNA-125a miRNA-140, miRNA-143, miRNA-145 miRNA-368 ABI-13268 let-7b, miRNA-1; 10 downregulated miRNAs: miRNA-1 miR-92 miRNA-133a, miRNA-133b miRNA-200b miRNA-221, miRNA-222 miRNA-368, miRNA-376a ABI-13232
Haller et al[40], 2010	4 gastric PDGFRAmut, 4 gastric KITmut and 4 intestinal KITmut. 49 GISTs further analyzed by qRT-PCR	734 miRNAs	Downregulated miRNA-221 and miR-222 in in KIT-mutant GIST compared with KIT/PDGFRA wild type GIST
Koelz et al[42], 2011	54 GISTs compared to healthy blood samples	miRNAs-22/-222	Depressed miRNA-221 and 222 in kit positive tumor samples, whereas Kit-negative GISTs exhibited a completely inverse expression pattern
Niinuma et al[43], 2012	56 GISTs	939 miRNAs	Association of miR-196a and HOTAIR with high risk tumors, metastasis, and overall survival
Yamamoto et al[44], 2013	4 low grade vs 4 intermediate vs 11 high grade GISTs	904 miRNAs	Downregulation of miR-133b in high grade tumors and correlation with Fachin-1 overexpression
Gits et al[45], 2013	50 GISTs compared to 10 gastrointestinal leiomyosarcomas	725 miRNAs	Downregulated miR-17-92 and miRNAs 221/222 in tumor samples
Gyvyte et al[46], 2017	15 GISTs compared to 15 samples of adjacent tissue	1672 miRNAs	15 downregulated and 4 upregulated miRNAs; miRNA-215-5p negative correlation with the grade; miRNA-509-3p association with epithelioid and mixed subtypes
Gyvyte et al[48], 2018	15 gastric GISTs vs 15 adjacent tissue through next generation seq and then validation analysis of 22 more GISTs	7250 lincRNAs	6 upregulated lincRNAs, 3 downregulated lincRNAs; Strong correlation between expression of lincRNA H19 with both ETV1 and miR-455-3p
Hu et al[49], 2018	79 GISTs vs 79 paracancerous normal tissues	LncRNA AOC4P	Increased in GIST vs normal tissue, Higher expression in high risk vs low/medium risk. AOC4P regulate EMT thus increase the metastatic ability of the tumor
Yan et al[51], 2019	3 primary GISTs (A) vs 3 GISTs secondarily resistance to IM (B) vs 3 normal gastric tissue (C)	63,542 lncRNAs 27,134 miRNAs	2250 deregulated lncRNAs on group B vs group A; 2209 deregulated lncRNAs on group C vs group A; 922 deregulated lncRNAs on group C vs group B
Badalamenti et al[50], 2019	40 GISTs (25 localized disease vs 15 advanced disease)	H19, MALAT1	H19 and MALAT1 higher expression levels in advanced disease samples
Kosela-Paterczyk et al[48], 2020	31 high grade GISTs treated with IM, 16 high grade OS, 26 high grade SS, 8 high grade ES, 30 healthy controls	156 dysregulated miRNAs in sarcomas vs control group	10 microRNAs were commonly deregulated in SS, OS and GISTs; 99, 42, 36 and 24 differentiated controls from GISTs, ES, SS and OS, respectively

GISTs: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors; OS: Osteosarcoma; SS: Synovial sarcoma; ES: Ewing sarcoma.