Systematic review with meta-analysis of the epidemiological evidence relating smoking to type 2 diabetes

Table 2 Some characteristics¹ of the 145 studies of smoking and type 2 diabetes

Study Ref.	Main/ Other Ref.	Continent	Country, location2	Study Population3	Sex	Baseline	Follow-up (yr)4	Diagnosis code5	Cohort size	Diabetes cases	Age
3 studies6	[16]	North America	United States	Medical professionals	M+F	1984-1991	19.6	3	162807	12384	25-75
AICHI	[17]/[18]	Asia	Japan, Aichi	Civil servants	M+F	2002	9.0	3	3338	225	35-66
AIZAWA	[19]	Asia	Japan, Matsumoto	Participants from hospital (not otherwise defined)	M+F	2005	4.9	2	4159	279	Any
ALEIN	[20]	Asia	Taiwan (China), A-Lein	Persons undergoing community wide screening for hepatitis	M+F	1996-1997	8.0	2	3539	423	40-69
ALSWH	[21]	Oceania	Australia	General population	F	1998	12.0	1	12367	871	47-52
ANSAN	[22]/[23,24]	Asia	South Korea, Ansun and Ansan	Community based	M+F	2001-2002	4.0	2	4041	329	40-69
ARIC	[25]/[26]	North America	United States, North Carolina, Mississippi, Maryland	Probability sample from 4 US communities with exclusive sampling of African Americans in one of the four sites, Black or White	M+F	1987-1989	9.0	3	10892	1254	45-64
ASAN	[27]	Asia	South Korea, Asan	Attending voluntary medical check-ups	M+F	2000	5.0	2	5372	234	20-79
ATTICA	[28]	Europe	Greece, Athens	General population	M+F	2001-2002	10.0	2	1485	191	18-89
Ausdiab	[29]	Oceania	Australia	General population	M+F	1990-2000	5.0	2	5842	244	25+
BEDFORD	[30]	Europe	England, Bedford	Borderline diabetics with a 2h fasting glucose of 6.7-11.1 mmol/L	M+F	1962-1964	10.0	2	241	36	18+
BIP	[31]	Asia	Israel	Subjects with impaired functional capacity (New York Heart Association class II and III)	M+F	1990-1993	6.2	2	630	98	45-74
BMES	[32]	Oceania	Australia, West of Sydney	Non institutionalised residents	M+F	1992-1994	10.0	3	2123	165	49+
BOGALUSA	[33]	North America	United States, Bogalusa	General population	M+F	1973-2010	9.1	2	7725	176	<18
BOTNIA	[9]/[34]	Europe	Finland, Botnia	Family members of diabetics	M+F	1990	7.6	2	2770	138	Any
BRHS	[35]	Europe	Britain	General population	M	1978-1980	16.8	3	7124	290	40-59
BRUNECK	[36]	Europe	Italy, Bruneck	General population, White	M+F	1990	10.0	2	837	64	40-79
BURKE	[37]	Oceania	Australia Kimberley	General population, Aboriginal	M+F	1988-1989	12.9	2	493	104	15-88
BWHS	[38]	North America	United States	African American subscribers to magazine targeted at black women	F	1995	16.0	3	43003	4387	21-69
CASSAN	[39]	North America	United States	Majority were veterans, 98% Caucasian	M	1963	18.0	2	1972	226	20-80
CCHS	[40]	North America	United States, Cleveland	General population	M+F	2008	5.0	2	5084	872	18+
CDCdeC	[41]	Europe	Spain, Canaries	General population	M+F	2000-2005	3.5	3	5521	146	18-75
CEHSC	[42]	Asia	Hong Kong (China)	General population volunteers	M+F	1998-2001	9.8	2	53905	806	65+
CKB	[43]	Asia	China	General population	M+F	2004-2008	7.2	2	461211	8784	30-79
CoLaus	[44]	Europe	Switzerland, Lausanne	General population	M+F	2003-2006	5.5	2	3166	47	35-75
CPSI	[45]	North America	United States	General Population	M+F	1959-1960	12.0	3	709827	25397	30+
CRISPS	[46]	Asia	Hong Kong (China)	General population, Chinese	M+F	2000-2004	9.0	2	1380	123	Any
CURES	[47]	Asia	India, Chennai	General population	M+F	2001-2003	9.1	2	1376	385	20+
DAQING	[48]	Asia	China	Care clinic patients with pre-diabetes, part of diabetes prevention intervention	M+F	1986	23.0	3	568	436	Any
DEHGHA	[49]	Europe	Netherlands, Ommoord	General population	M+F	1990-1993	10.8	2	6935	645	55+
DE-PLAN	[11]	Europe	Spain, Navarra, Reus and Barcelona	Participants in clinical trial on Mediterranean diet, Caucasian	M+F	2006	4.2	2	552	124	45-75
DESIR	[50]	Europe	France, Western	Volunteers for periodic health checks	M+F	1998	9.0	2	3817	203	30-64
DLCS	[51]	Europe	Netherlands, Northern	General population, Western Europe	M+F	2007-2013	4.0	3	72880	1056	18-90
DNC	[52]	Europe	Denmark	Nurses	F	1993-1999	15.3	2	24174	1137	44+
DONGFENG	[53]	Asia	China, Da Qing	Retired employees	M+F	2008-2010	4.0	3	17690	1390	Any
DWECS	[54]	Europe	Denmark	Workers	M+F	1995-2005	5.0	2	6823	NA	30-59
EPIC-IN	[55]	Europe	8 countries7	Subset of participants in EPIC-InterAct cohort	M+F	1991	11.7	3	23501	10327	Any
ESTHER	[56]	Europe	Germany, Saarland	General population	M+F	2000-2002	8.0	3	7462	718	50-75
FAGERB	[57]	Europe	Sweden, Göteborg	General population, Caucasian	F	2001-2004	5.5	2	341	69	64
FINNMARK	[58]	Europe	Norway, Finnmark	General population	M+F	1997-1978	12.0	2	11654	162	35-52
GLOSTRUP	[59]	Europe	Denmark, Glostrup	General population	M	1982-2001	18.9	2	5350	211	30-70
GNHIES	[60]	Europe	Germany	General population (non institutionalized)	M+F	1997-1999	5.0	2	3625	82	18-79
HDNNCDS	[12]	Asia	China, Harbin	General population, Chinese	M+F	2010	4.2	3	7133	578	20-74
HEALTH2000	[10]	Europe	Finland	General population	M+F	2000-2001	7.0	2	4110	81	40-79
HEINZN	[61]/[62]	Europe	Germany, Western	General population	M+F	2000-2003	5.1	3	3547	319	45-75
HENAN	[63]	Asia	China, Henan	General population, N Chinese ancestry	M+F	2007-2008	6.0	3	12272	775	18+
HIPOP-OHP	[64]	Asia	Japan	Employees	M+F	1999	3.4	3	6498	229	Any
HIPPIS1	[65]	Europe	England and Wales	Primary care patients	M+F	1993-2008	8.0	2	2540753	78081	25-79
HIPPIS2	[66]	Europe	England	Primary care patients	M+F	2005-2016	3.9	2	8186705	178314	25-84
HISAYAMA	[67]	Asia	Japan, Hisayama	General population	M+F	1988	11.8	2	1935	286	40-79
HPFUS	[68]	North America	United States	Health professionals	M	1986	6.0	3	41810	509	40-75
HPHS	[12]	Asia	China, Harbin	General population, Chinese	M+F	2008	4.2	3	3350	244	20-74
HUNT	[69]	Europe	Norway, Nord-Trøndelag	General population	M+F	1984-1997	11.0	3	90819	1860	20+
ICARIA	[70]	Europe	Spain	Spanish workers	M+F	2004-2007	4.1	3	380366	9960	18-65
ICS	[71]	Asia	Iran, Isfahan, Arak and Najafabad	General population	M+F	2001	7.0	2	2980	389	35+
IPC	[72]	Europe	France, Paris	Workers and those seeking employment who had undergone 2 health checks	M+F	1998-2010	5.3	2	22567	527	18+
IRAS	[73]	North America	United States, 4 areas8	General population	M+F	1992-1993	5.0	2	906	148	40-69
IWHS	[74]	North America	United States, Iowa	Community based	F	1986	13.2	1	36839	3281	55-69
JACC	[75]	Asia	Japan	Community based	M+F	1988-1990	5.0	1	16160	396	40-79
J-ECOH	[76]/[77]	Asia	Japan	Employees	M+F	2008-2010	3.9	2	53930	2441	15-83
JHS	[78]	North America	United States, Mississippi	General population, Black	M+F	2000-2004	8.0	2	2991	479	21-84
JPHC	[79]	Asia	Japan	General population	M+F	1990	10.0	1	28893	1183	40-59
JPHC2	[80]	Asia	Japan	General population	M+F	1995-1998	5.0	1	59834	1100	45-74
KANGBUK	[81]	Asia	South Korea, Seoul	Individuals undergoing health screening	M+F	2002	5.6	3	174314	5544	18+
KAWAHA	[82]	Asia	Japan, Kitakyushu City	City workers	M+F	2008	3.7	2	52781	4369	20-89
KAWAKA	[83]	Asia	Japan, electrical company	Employees of large electrical company	M	1984	8.0	2	2312	41	18-53
KMIC	[84]	Asia	South Korea	Government and school employees	M	1990-1986	8.0	2	27635	1170	35-44
KoGES-K	[85]/[86]	Asia	South Korea, Kangwha	Community based	M+F	2006-2011	4.0	2	2079	142	40+
KORA F4/FF4	[87]	Europe	Germany, Augsburg	General population	M+F	2006-2008	7.0	2	504	76	62-81
KORA S4/F4	[88]	Europe	Germany, Augsburg	General population	M+F	1999-2001	7.0	2	887	93	55-74
KPNW	[89]	North America	United States, Portland	Health care members	M+F	1997-2000	6.8	2	46578	1854	40+
LEICESTER	[90]	Europe	England, Leicester	With clinical diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome	F	1988-2009	5.2	2	2164	138	16-79
LIETO	[91]	Europe	Finland, Leito	General population	M	1998-1999	9.0	2	430	30	64+
LINDBE	[92]	Europe	Denmark, Copenhagen	General population	M+F	2001-2003	8.5	2	5349	136	20-94
LLP	[93]	Europe	England, Liverpool	General population	M+F	1998-2008	10.0	2	8753	763	45-79
MAILES	[94]	Oceania	Australia, Adelaide	General population	M	2002-2006	4.9	3	1597	232	35-80
MANSON	[95]	North America	United States	Physicians in randomized trial	M	1982	12.0	1	21068	770	40-84
MECC	[96]	North America	United States, Hawaii and California	General population, African American and Latino	M+F	1993-1996	14.0	3	48995	15833	50-75
MECH	[97]	North America	United States, Hawaii	General population, Caucasian, Hawaiian, Japanese, American	M+F	1993-1996	12.1	3	74970	8559	45-75
MESA	[98]/[99]	North America	United States, 6 states9	General population, White, Black, Hispanic or Chinese	M+F	2000-2002	10.2	2	5931	359	45-84
MFH	[10]	Europe	Finland	General population	M+F	1978-1980	10.0	2	4517	145	40-79
MJH	[100]	Asia	Taiwan (China)	Paid members of private health screening program, Chinese	M+F	2001-2014	6.7	3	147908	4781	18+
MONICAG	[101]	Europe	Germany, Augsburg	General population	M+F	1984-1995	12.5	3	10892	672	25-74
MONICAS	[102]	Europe	Sweden, Northern	General population	M	1986-1994	8.7	3	1275	27	25-74
MORIMO	[103]/[104]	Asia	Japan, Nagano prefecture	Volunteers in Nagano Prefecture	M+F	1990-1992	10.1	3	5872	595	40-69
MOZAFF	[105]	North America	United States, 4 states10	Ambulatory, noninstitutionalized subjects	M+F	1989-1992	10.0	2	4883	337	65+
MPBB	[106]	North America	United States, Michigan	Subjects who had injected food contaminated with polybrominated biphenyls, 99.8% White	M+F	1976	25.0	3	1384	180	20+
MPP	[9]	Europe	Sweden, Malmo	General population	M+F	1974-1992	24.8	2	16061	2063	Any
MUTUAL	[107]	Asia	Japan	Civil servants	M+F	2000	6.5	2	5848	287	30-59
MYHUS	[108]	Asia	Japan	Employees	M+F	2004	5.0	3	13700	408	36-55
NAGALA	[109]/[110]	Asia	Japan, Gifu	Subjects receiving medical check-ups	M+F	2004-2015	5.1	3	17810	804	Any
NAGAYA	[111]	Asia	Japan, Nagoya	Volunteer attendants of annual health check ups	M	1988-1990	7.4	3	16829	869	30-59
NAKANI	[112]	Asia	Japan, Osaka	Employees	M	1994	5.0	2	1266	54	35-59
NCDS	[113]	Europe	Britain	Birth cohort from March 1958	M+F	1974	17.0	1	4945	28	16
NHANES	[114]	North America	United States	General population	M+F	1971-1975	18.0	3	4830	443	25-74
NHIC	[115]	Asia	South Korea	Recipients of biennial medical check-ups	M+F	1992-1995	14.0	2	1236443	89422	30-95
NHIS-HEALS	[116]	Asia	South Korea	Recipients of national health screen test	M+F	2002-2003	10.8	2	359349	37678	40-79
NHIS-NCS	[117]	Asia	South Korea	Nationally representative	M+F	2002	6.8	2	51405	2749	20+
NHS	[118]	North America	United States	Registered Nurses	F	1976-1982	24.0	3	100526	5392	30-55
NHSII	[13]	North America	United States	Registered Nurses	F	1989-1991	23.0	3	88086	5441	25-42
NIH -AARP	[119]	North America	United States, 6 states11	General population	M+F	1995-1996	11.0	1	207479	18000	50-71
NOMAS	[120]	North America	United States, North Manhattan	General population, White, Black or Hispanic	M+F	1993-2001	11.0	3	2430	449	40+
NOVAK	[121]	Europe	Sweden, Gothenburg	General population (intervention group in ineffective trial)	M	1970-1973	35.0	2	6828	899	47-56
OLMSTED	[122]	North America	United States, Rochester	General population who also took at least one medication	M+F	1999-2004	6.0	2	13508	1182	18+
ONAT	[123]	Asia	Turkey	Participants in nationwide survey	M+F	1997-1998	5.9	3	3385	216	28+
OSAKA	[124]	Asia	Japan, Osaka	General population undergoing basic health check-ups	M+F	2001	4.0	2	9327	171	40-74
OSLO	[125]	Europe	Norway, Oslo	General population	M	1972-1973	28.0	3	6382	584	40-49
OSTENS	[126]	Europe	Sweden, Stockholm	General population	M	1992-1994	10.0	2	2383	99	35-56
PARK	[127]	Asia	South Korea, not known	Undergoing health examinations	M	2002	4.0	2	1717	50	Any
PATJA	[128]	Europe	Finland, North Karelia and Kuopio	General population	M+F	1972-1992	21.0	2	41372	2770	25-64
PINGLIANG	[129]	Asia	China, Ping Liang	General population pre-diabetic at baseline	M+F	2002-2003	10.8	2	334	98	Any
PMMJS	[130]	Asia	China, Jiangsu	General population	M+F	2000-2004	5.0	2	3598	160	35-74
PREDIMED	[11]	Europe	Spain, Navarra, Reus and Barcelona	Participants in clinical trial on Mediterranean diet, Caucasian	M+F	2003-2009	4.8	2	1381	155	55-80
PREDIMERC	[131]	Europe	Spain, Madrid	General population	M+F	2007	6.4	2	2048	44	30-74
PREVEND	[132]	Europe	Netherlands, Groningen	General population	M+F	1997-1998	11.4	3	7953	447	Any
REGARDS	[133]	North America	United States	General population, Black or White	M+F	2003-2007	9.5	2	7758	891	45+
SABE	[134]	South America	Brazil, Sào Paulo	General population	M+F	2000	6.0	1	914	72	60+
SAIREN	[135]	Asia	Japan, Ibaraki-ken	General population undergoing annual health check-ups	M+F	1993	5.0	2	128141	7990	40-79
SALSA	[136]	North America	United States, Sacramento	General population, Latino	M+F	1998-1999	10.0	3	782	144	60+
SAMSUNG	[137]	Asia	South Korea, Seoul	Undergoing health examinations, Korean	M	2006	6.0	3	1774	180	20+
SAPALDIA	[138]	Europe	Switzerland	General population	M+F	2002	8.3	3	2631	110	18+
SAWADA	[139]	Asia	Japan, Tokyo	Employees of Tokyo Gas Company	M	1985	14.0	3	4745	280	20-41
SAX45	[140]	Oceania	Australia, New South Wales	General population	M+F	2006-2008	3.4	1	54997	888	45+
SCCS	[14]	North America	United States, Southern	General population, Black or White	M+F	2002-2009	4.5	1	35892	3439	40-79
SCCS2	[14]	North America	United States, Southern	General population, Black or White	M+F	201212	3.0	1	20712	1708	43-82
SHFS	[141]	North America	United States, 4 states13	Members of multiplex families, American Indians	M+F	2001-2003	5.5	2	431	133	14+
SHIP	[142]	Europe	Germany, Augsburg	Caucasian German citizens	M+F	1997-2001	11.1	2	2034	206	20-81
SMHS	[143]	Asia	China, Shanghai	General population	M	2002-2006	5.4	3	51464	1304	40-74
STILLW	[144]	Europe	Finland	Employees of Finnish Company	M	1986	17.0	2	5827	313	18-65
STRAND	[145]	Europe	Finland, Helsinki	Volunteer executives and businessmen	M	1974-1975	20.0	3	1802	94	40-56
STRING	[146]/[147]	Europe	England, London	Civil service employees	M+F	1985-2002	23.7	2	8270	1286	50
SUGIMO	[148]	Asia	Japan, Tokyo	Participants in MHTS	M+F	1976	16.0	2	2573	296	18-69
SULAWESI	[149]	Asia	Indonesia, South Sulawesi	Three tribes	M+F	2013	3.0	2	182	58	16+
SWAN	[150]	North America	United States, Michigan	Participants in study of menopause transition, Black or White	F	1996	16.0	3	424	157	42-52
TCS	[151]	Asia	Thailand	Students at Sukothai Thammithirat Open University	M+F	2005	8.0	1	39507	698	15-88
TERATA	[152]	Asia	Japan, Chiba	Steelworkers	M	2002	8.0	2	8423	464	Any
TLSA	[153]	Asia	Taiwan (China), Non-aboriginal areas	Participants in ongoing survey on aging, Taiwanese	M+F	1999	4.0	1	2995	277	53+
TOPICS6	[154]	Asia	Japan, Toranomon	Government employees and some general population	M+F	1997-2002	5.0	3	7654	289	40-75
TROMSO	[155]	Europe	Norway, Tromsø	General population	M+F	1994-1995	10.8	3	26168	522	25-98
UCHIMO	[156]	Asia	Japan, Osaka	Employees of large company	M	1981-1991	10.0	2	6250	450	35-60
VETERAN	[157]	North America	United States	Veterans	M+F	2002-2003	4.0	2	239057	33453	18-99
VIP	[158]	Europe	Sweden, Västerbotten County	General population	M+F	1990-2012	9.9	3	32120	2211	35-55
WHI	[159]	North America	United States	Postmenopausal women in a clinical trial or an observational study	F	1993-1998	11.0	1	135906	15076	50-79
YOUNGF	[160]	Europe	Finland	Population based	M+F	1980	24.0	3	2298	79	3-18
ZUTPHEN	[161]	Europe	Netherlands, Zutphen	General population	M	1960	25.0	2	841	58	40-59

¹Where relevant, characteristics are shown for the main reference, given first in the column Main/Other Ref.

²If location not stated, then national.

³All races are included unless stated otherwise.

⁴NA means not available. Some studies provided results for more than one follow-up time. Here the longest follow-up is indicated. The follow-up times are presented as means, medians or averages to various numbers of decimal places. The values shown are the best estimate available.

⁵1 = self-report only; 2 = medical records only; 3 = both.

⁶Studies HPFUS, NHS and NHSII.

⁷France, Italy, Spain, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Germany, Sweden and Denmark.

⁸Los Angeles, Oakland, San Antonio and San Juis Valley.

⁹Maryland, Illinois, North Carolina, California, New York and Minnesota.

¹⁰North Carolina, California, Maryland and Pennsylvania.

¹¹California, Florida, Louisiana, New Jersey, North Carolina and Pennsylvania.

¹²Subset of SCCS who were diabetes free at end of SCCS follow-up. Unclear what the baseline date range of SCCS2 actually was.

¹³Arizona, North and South Dakota and Oklahoma. M: Male; F: Female.